Biosynthesis and Comprehensive Structural Characterization of TiO₂-Loaded Bentonite Nanocomposites using Orange Peel Extract

Authors

  • Kabir Muhammad Yahaya
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml
  • Abdulmumuni Sumaila
    Department of Chemistry, Confluence University of Science and Technology Osara, Kogi State
  • Ruqayya Avosuahi Yahaya
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml
  • Sa’adatu Abdulsalam
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml
  • Ibrahim Jimoh
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml
  • Ibrahim Abdulkarim
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml
  • Ahmed Onimisi Sumaila
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml
  • Ruqayyah Oluwakemisola Yusuf
    Confluence University of Science and Technology, Osara image/svg+xml

Keywords:

Biosynthesis, Bentonite, Titanium Dioxide, Nanocomposites, Orange Peel Extract

Abstract

Increasing contamination of water resources by industrial effluents has necessitated the development of low-cost, eco-friendly, and efficient materials for wastewater treatment. Among such materials, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is recognized for its excellent photocatalytic activity, while bentonite clay provides high surface area and strong adsorption capacity. This study reports a green biosynthesis route for TiO₂-loaded bentonite nanocomposites (BTNCs) using orange peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent to integrate the photocatalytic and adsorptive properties of TiO₂ and bentonite respectively. Characterization of the synthesized nanocomposites was carried out using a suite of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Characterization via XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles (~17.5 nm) uniformly dispersed within the bentonite matrix, with evidence of Ti–O–Si bond formation indicating strong interaction between TiO₂ and bentonite. The eco-friendly synthesis method discourages the use of toxic reagents and offers multifunctional nanomaterials with promising applications in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

Dimensions

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Published

2025-09-02

How to Cite

Yahaya, K. M., Sumaila, A., Yahaya, R. A., Abdulsalam, S., Jimoh, I., Abdulkarim, I., Sumaila, A. O., & Yusuf, R. O. (2025). Biosynthesis and Comprehensive Structural Characterization of TiO₂-Loaded Bentonite Nanocomposites using Orange Peel Extract. Journal of Science Research and Reviews, 2(3), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar.2025.v2i3.100

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): JOSRAR Vol. 2 No. 3 (May - June)

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How to Cite

Yahaya, K. M., Sumaila, A., Yahaya, R. A., Abdulsalam, S., Jimoh, I., Abdulkarim, I., Sumaila, A. O., & Yusuf, R. O. (2025). Biosynthesis and Comprehensive Structural Characterization of TiO₂-Loaded Bentonite Nanocomposites using Orange Peel Extract. Journal of Science Research and Reviews, 2(3), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar.2025.v2i3.100

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