The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) is the official scientific publication of the ERDEL Scientific Research Group (ESRG), Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Publishing Schedule The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) shall publish issues bimonthly. Covering January-February, March-April, May-June, July-August, September-October & November-December Issues. Indexing: Crossref, Google Scholar, Researchgate, etc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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An Intelligent Hybrid Learning Framework Integrating ANFIS, Genetic Algorithms, and Reinforcement Learning for Traffic Signal Control
Rapid urbanization and increasing vehicular demand have intensified traffic congestion, exposing the limitations of conventional static traffic signal control systems. This study proposes a novel hybrid intelligent traffic control framework that integrates an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Genetic Algorithm, and Reinforcement Learning (ANFIS–GA–RL) to achieve real-time adaptive signal optimization. The proposed approach uniquely combines interpretable fuzzy reasoning for managing uncertainty, genetic algorithms for global parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning for closed-loop, real-time decision-making, distinguishing it from existing standalone and partially hybrid methods. Performance is evaluated in a MATLAB-based urban traffic simulation using eight performance indicators, travel time, average vehicle speed, throughput, traffic density, queue length, delay time, intersection delay, and computational time. Comparative results against conventional Fuzzy Logic, standalone Genetic Algorithm, Artificial Neural Network, ANFIS, and ANFIS–GA controllers demonstrate consistent and measurable performance gains. Relative to the baseline fuzzy logic controller, the proposed ANFIS–GA–RL model achieves an overall improvement of 64.9%, characterized by substantial reductions in travel time delay, intersection delay, and computational overhead, alongside enhanced throughput and traffic flow stability. These findings confirm the robustness, scalability, and real-time applicability of the proposed framework for intelligent urban traffic signal control, with future work focusing on IoT-enabled deployment and field validation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Density Functional Theory Study on Effect of Cations and Anions Co-Alloyed Cu2ZnSnS4 Kieserite on Structural and Formation energy as possible Photovoltaic Material
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has the potential to be applied as an earth-relatively abundant and non-toxic material in thin-film solar cells, based on its suitable electrical and optical properties. However, many challenges have prevented the achievable efficiencies from exceeding 12.6%, which is well below desirable efficiencies compared to other competing solar cell technologies. One of the problems with the development of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells is the number of defects leading to severe potential fluctuations. This research work investigates the effect of alloying CZTS with Silver (Ag) (Cation) and Selenium (Se) (Anion) theoretically using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The optimized lattice parameters were found to increase from 5.26 to 5.85 and 10.60 to 12.32 respectively due to the introduction of Ag and Se. The volume of the crystal unit cell increased from 162.747 3 to 219.472 3 respectively. The formation energy was found to be reduced from 0.663eV to 0.476eV. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the alloyed Ag2ZnSnSe4 compound has a low-range energy structure and its stable within a low temperature range. This result is expected to enhance the properties of kesterite due to the alloying.
Isolation and Characterization of Flavonol-rich Fractions of Jatropha curcus and Evaluation of their in vivo Wound-healing Potential
Jatropha curcus (J. curcus) (Euphorbiaceae) is a drought resistant shrub whose leaves, latex, bark, and seed cake employed in traditional medicine to treat cuts, burns, and chronic ulcer. This study reports the isolation and structural characterization of bioactive compound(s) from the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas. Methanolic extraction of air-dried leaves was followed by silica gel column chromatography with gradient elution (hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol). Fractions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), pooled according to similar Rf values, and crystallized to yield isolates. Purified compounds were characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, 1H/13C NMR and LC-MS. One major yellow crystalline compound (designated TBF-19) was obtained (210.0 mg), and HRMS gave an [M]+ at m/z 198.0917 consistent with C13H11NO; the data supported the proposed structure (2-aminobenzophone as recorded in the primary notes). Wound-healing studies employed excision models in albino rats with three treatment groups (petroleum jelly, povidone iodine, and TBF-19 obtained from Jatropha Curcas). Tissue analyses included hydroxyproline and total protein assays to assess collagen deposition and tissue regeneration. The isolation workflow and spectroscopic evidence indicate that flavonoid- and phenolic-type constituents are major components responsible for the antioxidant and wound-healing properties observed in crude extracts. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal use of J. curcas and provide a basis for further bioassay-guided fractionation and detailed structure elucidation using 2D-NMR and high-resolution MS techniques.
Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Ovia-1 Well, Northern Depobelt of Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
The Ovia-1 well located in the Northern Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin was investigated based on Gamma Ray log, Lithostratigraphy, foraminifera and nanno fossil biostratigraphy. This is aimed to determine biostratigraphic distribution, age and paleodepositional environment of the studied intervals. Based on the foraminfera, the marker species identified are Quinqueloculina microcostata, Amphistegina lessonii, Heterostegina sp, Lenticulina inornata, ex gr. costiferum, Heterolepa pseudoungeriana, Hanzawaia stratoni, Spirosigmoilina oligocaenica, and Cibicorbis inflata. Twelve (12) biozones identified are N15 – N14 (middle Miocene middle Miocene 12.26 – 13.12Ma), ( N13 – N12/N11 middle Miocene 13.12 – 13.68Ma ) N9 – N10/N11 middle Miocene 14.20 – 15.6Ma) ( N4 - P22 early Miocene 20.94 –23.2Ma ) ( P17-P18 early Oligocene 33.0 – 36.50Ma ) ( P14 middle Eocene 36.50 – 43.2Ma ) P12 middle Eocene 41.0 – 43.2Ma ) ( P4 late Paleocene 56.8 – 57.3Ma) ( P1 – M18 early Paleocene 64.6 – 65.0Ma respectively ). The paleoecological interpretation, based on the identified plantic foraminiferal species, indicates Inner Neritic to Outer Neritic zones. Lithostratigraphic criteria including Gamma Ray log responses and sand/shale ratios supported by paleobathymetric data indicate that the Ovia-1 have well, have two broad lithofacies units -the Marine Paralic and the Marine Units, which are ascribed to the Agbada Formation, Lithological analysis revealed alternating layers of shale, and sand, reflecting different paleoenvironmental conditions during deposition. The age of the well was established as Middle to Late Miocene, based on the bioevents of key marker species. Additionally, the limited presence of calcareous benthic and planktonic foraminifera supports the interpretation of a shallow marine depositional setting.
Assessment of Environmental Control Policy Elements’ Somersaults in Ilupeju - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Environmental policy elements are crucial for safeguarding natural resources, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable development in Nigeria, particularly in Ilupeju Ekiti, Ekiti State. Despite national frameworks like the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act and state-level statutes, environmental degradation persists. A study assessed the existing Environmental Control Policy Elements (ECPE), implementation extent, strategies, and factors influencing ECPE in the area. Researchers surveyed 124 stakeholders, including farmers, traders, artisans, teachers, commercial drivers, and students, using simple random sampling. Results showed that respondents, mostly females (50.8%) with tertiary education (57.5%), were aware of ECPE guiding environmental use (83.3%) and enacted laws (71.7%). However, 73.3% rated implementation strategies as ineffective, and 99.2% were unaware of specific government strategies. Political factors (70.8%) were major contributors to ECPE somersaults, with negative impacts on waste management (65.0%) and overall environmental quality. Logit regression analysis revealed that age (-4.09), educational status (0.000), and awareness of policy enforcement agencies (0.256) influenced ECPE implementation. The study confirms robust ECPE existence but highlights ineffective implementation and enforcement. The study concludes that prohibition laws are a step in the right direction, and recommends government support for enforcement agencies to ensure effective compliance monitoring and ECPE implementation.
Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Policy Elements in Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
The implementation of effective Climate Change Mitigation Policies (CCMPs) is vital for protecting local communities from the adverse effects of climate variability. However, in rural settings like Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, the enforcement of CCMPs is often lacking, and institutional coordination is inadequate to meet national climate objectives. This study assessed the Climate Change Mitigation Policy Elements (CCMPE) in Oye-Ekiti, identifying existing policies, awareness levels, and challenges to implementation. A simple random sampling method selected 120 stakeholders in environmental use, including farmers, artisans, traders, and forestry staff. Data were collected through secondary sources and a structured questionnaire, analyzing existing CCMPE, awareness of climate change, effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, stakeholder participation, and enforcement levels. The findings indicate that respondents were aware of climate change (68.3%) but lacked understanding of greenhouse gases (71.7%). About 32.5% were unsure of CCMPE effectiveness in reducing emissions. Many were unaware of government programs (53.3%) and enforcement agents (56.7%), with only 43.3% occasionally involved in policy implementation. Identified CCMPE included tree planting and efficient waste management. Educational status, communication methods, government program awareness, and presence of enforcement agents significantly influenced stakeholders' participation. The study concludes that CCMPs are not yielding desired results due to low awareness and lack of strict measures for effective implementation. The government must address these gaps to achieve desired results, including increasing awareness, improving enforcement, and ensuring stakeholder participation.
Eco-Aesthetics and Sustainable Urban Spaces: The Role of Public Art in Enhancing Environmental Consciousness in Nigerian Cities
This study examines the role of eco-aesthetics in promoting sustainable urban spaces through the integration of public art within Nigerian cities. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from a quantitative survey (N = 200) and qualitative interviews (n = 30) to investigate how eco-art influences environmental awareness, social engagement, and aesthetic appreciation. Quantitative findings revealed strong positive perceptions of eco-art in enhancing public consciousness about environmental issues, fostering community participation, and reinforcing cultural identity within urban settings. Complementary qualitative insights highlighted that public artworks served as visual reminders of ecological responsibility, platforms for collective dialogue, and catalysts for local pride. Participants emphasized the ability of eco-art installations to merge functionality with creativity, thereby contributing to the beautification of urban spaces while encouraging pro-environmental attitudes. City-level analyses underscored how variations in socio-economic conditions and urban planning policies shaped the perceived impact of eco-art. The study concludes that eco-aesthetic practices hold significant potential for advancing sustainable urban development in Nigeria, provided they are strategically integrated into planning frameworks. These findings contribute to growing discourse on art, sustainability, and urban transformation, offering both theoretical and practical implications for policymakers, urban planners, and artists
Chemical Speciation, Bioavailability and Multi-Index Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Dumpsite-Affected Farmland Soils of Anyigba, Nigeria
This study assessed the physicochemical properties, chemical speciation, and ecological risk of heavy metals in farmland soils near municipal dumpsites in Anyigba, Nigeria. The soils were slightly acidic (pH 5.2–6.4), with moderate organic matter (1.82–2.65%) and cation exchange capacity (7.4–12.3 cmol/kg), while electrical conductivity was low (92–148 µS/cm), indicating non-saline conditions that promote metal mobility. Heavy metals occurred in the ranges: Cd (4.60–5.91 mg/kg), Cu (5.81–12.44 mg/kg), Ni (11.70–18.92 mg/kg), Cr (4.93–8.17 mg/kg), and Pb (3.99–6.25 mg/kg). Speciation analysis showed Cd concentrated in exchangeable and carbonate fractions (45–58%), reflecting high mobility; Cu was mainly bound to organic matter (40–52%); Ni dominated reducible fractions (35–48%); Cr occurred in the residual fraction (55–68%); and Pb partitioned into carbonate and reducible fractions (30–45%). Contamination factors (CF) indicated very high Cd contamination (6.0–7.5), moderate Ni (2.0–3.0), Cu (1.2–2.1), and Pb (1.1–1.8), and low Cr (0.8–1.4). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) ranged 1.2–2.0, confirming overall deterioration, while the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) of 2.4–3.1 signaled considerable pollution risk. Ecological Risk Index (ERI) values highlighted Cd as the major contributor (60–70% of total risk), with individual ERI of 180–220, categorizing it as a “considerable ecological risk.” In contrast, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb presented low to moderate risks (ERI < 40). Integration of soil properties with speciation data indicated that acidic pH and relatively low organic matter enhanced Cd solubility and bioavailability, whereas organic complexation stabilized Cu. These results demonstrate that ecological assessments must consider both total concentrations and chemical forms of metals. Recommended interventions include phytoremediation, soil organic amendments, and stricter waste management to mitigate contamination and ensure sustainable agriculture in Anyigba.
Assessment of Aflatoxins Content in Cow Feeds and Milk in some Cattle Farms in Katsina State, Nigeria
Aflatoxins, potent mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, pose a significant risk to animal and human health. Contamination of dairy feed with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) leads to the secretion of its carcinogenic metabolite, Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), into milk. This study assessed the prevalence and levels of aflatoxin contamination in cow feed and milk from selected cattle farms in Katsina State, Nigeria, and evaluated the associated human health risks. Twenty samples of cow feed and milk were collected from ten locations across Katsina State. The physicochemical parameters (crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat) of the samples were determined using standard methods. Aflatoxin B1 in feed and Aflatoxin M1 in milk were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Health risks were assessed by calculating the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), and Cancer Risk (CR). All feed samples (100%) were contaminated with AFB1 at concentrations ranging from 25.31 to 74.44 µg/kg, with a mean of 52.65 µg/kg, vastly exceeding the FAO/Nigeria regulatory limit of 20 µg/kg. Consequently, 100% of the milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, with levels ranging from 5.86 to 90.28 µg/L. These values exceeded the stringent European Union safety limit (0.05 µg/L) by a factor of 117 to 1,806. The nutritional quality of both feed and milk was generally poor. Health risk assessment revealed alarmingly low MOE values (as low as 26.28) and significant cancer risks, particularly for individuals positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (up to 0.9930 cases per 100,000 per year). The dairy production system in the studied region is severely compromised. The universal and extreme contamination of milk with AFM1 represents an acute public health crisis, necessitating immediate interventions including farmer education, improved feed storage, and stringent milk monitoring.
Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Phyllanthus niruri Leaves: Implications for Ethnomedicinal Use
The global resurgence of interest in plant-based therapeutics has intensified scientific efforts toward the identification and validation of medicinal plants as sustainable sources of bioactive compounds. Consequently, a thorough biochemical characterization of such traditional plants is essential to support drug discovery and development. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and proximate profile of the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), a plant widely recognized in traditional medicine for the management of ailments such as hepatitis, urolithiasis, and diabetes. Fresh P. niruri leaves were extracted using 100% ethanol, and standard analytical procedures were employed for phytochemical and proximate analyses. The phytochemical screening indicated a rich presence of key secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and phlobatannins, whereas steroids and quinones were absent. Proximate analysis revealed a high moisture content (39.33 ± 0.48%) and appreciable levels of carbohydrates (31.47 ± 0.58%) and crude fibre (15.26 ± 0.37%), alongside moderate quantities of crude fat (6.60 ± 0.57%), total ash (8.60 ± 0.28%), and crude protein (2.35 ± 0.17%). The abundance of polyphenolic compounds (phenols, tannins, flavonoids) and alkaloids suggests a biochemical basis for the plant’s reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Additionally, its considerable fibre and carbohydrate contents indicate potential value as a dietary supplement. Overall, these findings substantiate the ethnopharmacological relevance of P. niruri, reinforcing its potential as a nutraceutical resource and promising candidate for future drug development.
Effect of a Spring-Bocked Membrane on a Falling Film over a Slippery Tilted Plane
This research work investigates the influence of a spring-blocked membrane on a perturbed gravity-driven viscous fluid flow down a slippery inclined plane. The spring-bocked membrane on a falling film flow over a slippery plane can affect the flow dynamics and stability of the film. The instability of such a flow can be controlled either by modifying the behavior of the lower wall, altering the surface waves at the free surface using structures, or both, as done here by incorporating a spring-backed membrane at the top of the liquid layer and a slippery substrate. A linear stability analysis is performed utilizing the normal mode approach, with the free surface modified by a spring-blocked membrane and the lower boundary modeled as a slippery substrate. The associated Orr-Sommerfeld system is solved numerically using the spectral collocation method. The results reveal that velocity slip at the lower wall has a non-trivial impact on flow stability: it destabilizes at the onset of instability, then stabilizes at higher Reynolds numbers. Membrane tension is modeled as a stress jump at the free surface, and the mass of the membrane is also taken into account. The findings demonstrate that increasing the dimensionless spring-blocked membrane tension <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>T</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.5pt; height:12.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> reduces the growth rate of the most unstable mode, thereby enhancing flow stability. Thus, combination of a spring-blocked membrane at the free surface and a slippery base exerts a significant passive control on flow stability. The study provides an insight into how such configurations can be utilized to either suppress or amplify interfacial instabilities in gravity-driven flows.
Numerical Solution of Fractional order Hepatitis B Model Via the Generalized Fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Approach
In this paper we examine the epidemiological properties of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection based on the equation of a fractional-order mathematical model based on the Caputo derivative. The model uses interventions such as treatment and vaccination as control measures to examine the effect that they have on disease dynamics. We define the presence and uniqueness of solutions in the framework of the fractional order and test the stability of the endemic equilibrium point based on the theory of Lyapunov functions. The model is numerically solved with the help of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method to indicate changes in the model parameters and their respective fractional orders into how each one of the above parameters affects the progress of the disease. The use of simulation shows that higher treatment and vaccination rates decreases the prevalence of Hepatitis B and shows the high level of flexibility and realism of the fractional-order models in contrast to the classical integer order equations. In the paper, the importance of fractional modeling in the representation of the effects of memory and nonlocal interaction among the biological systems is highlighted, which enhances the understanding and control of infectious diseases. The model however assumes that the population is homogeneous mixed, and hypothetical values of the parameters thus restrains empirical validation. To make the model more predictive and relevant in practical use in formulating effective control measures on Hepatitis B, future studies need to include spatial heterogeneity, stochastic effects.
Numerical Solution of Fractional Order Chlamydia Model Via the Generalized Fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Approach
In the present paper we offer the epidemiological parameters of the Chlamydia infection and discuss its dynamics with the help of a fractional-order mathematical model and estimating the role of contact and vaccination rates in the development of interaction with this disease. The conditions of existence and uniqueness of solutions of the problem in the environment of a fractional order were determined. Numerical simulations are carried out to show how the model parameters and fractional-order influence the disease control and their propagation property through the use of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method. Additional simulations show that a rise in contact rates and a subsequent reduction of the efficacy of vaccination are the involved factors that contribute to the increase of the prevalence of the Chlamydia. The findings indicate that a preventive strategy to reduce transmission of the infection is a verified method of valuing the low level of the infection transmission over the population
Investigation of Earth Tremor Occurrences in Nigeria Using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Data and Aeromagnetic Data
Earth tremors, though often low in magnitude, represent critical indicators of crustal instability and potential seismic hazards. Nigeria, traditionally considered a region of low seismic risk, has recorded recur3rent tremor events across the northcentral and southwestern regions, raising questions about the tectonic and geodynamic processes driving these disturbances. Thisa study integrates Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data with aeromagnetic datasets to investigate the relationship between surface lineaments, subsurface structures, and tremor occurrences in these regions. SRTM analysis reveals that most tremor epicenters occur near elevated terrains, where topographic loading and structural complexity enhance seismic susceptibility. Aeromagnetic interpretations using tilt derivative techniques delineate major and minor fault systems, showing that tremors in Abuja and Kwoi align with a major NE–SW fault system linked to the offshore Romanche fracture zone, while those in the southwest are associated with intersecting NE- and NW-trending fractures. Curie Point Depth (CPD) estimates further highlight lithospheric thinning in the northcentral region (1.6–13 km), likely influenced by plume dynamics associated with the St. Helena hotspot, in contrast to deeper CPD values (7.2–13 km) in the southwest, reflecting far-field plate stresses. The results demonstrate that Nigeria’s seismicity is driven by a combination of plume-related magmatism, lithospheric weakness, and far-field tectonic forces. These findings provide a preliminary geophysical framework for understanding tremor genesis in intraplate settings and underscore the need for improved seismic monitoring and hazard preparedness in Nigeria.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with Immersion Time Variation of Working Electrode on Quantum Dot: A Performance Optimization Study
The growing demand for renewable and sustainable energy has spurred interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as cost-effective alternatives to conventional silicon solar cells. However, their performance is often limited by narrow spectral absorption and dye instability. This study investigates the optimization of DSSC performance by incorporating lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) and natural hibiscus dye as a hybrid photo-sensitizer. QD-DSSC devices were fabricated using TiO₂-coated electrodes sensitized with hibiscus dye and 0.05 M PbS quantum dots at varying immersion times (6 h, 12 h, 24 h). The I–V characterization revealed that immersion time critically influenced device performance. The highest efficiency of 3.19 % was achieved at 12 hours of immersion, corresponding to the optimal balance of dye loading and PbS layer formation. The associated photovoltaic parameters were Isc = 7.965 mA, Voc = 0.72 V, and FF = 0.557, indicating improved electron transport and reduced recombination. In contrast, 6 h and 24 h immersion times yielded lower efficiencies of 2.01 % and 0.754 %, respectively, due to insufficient or excessive sensitizer deposition leading to poor charge mobility or increased recombination. Electrical performance analysis using a solar simulator and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that 12-hour immersion provided optimal interfacial charge transfer and minimized resistance. The study demonstrates that integrating PbS QDs with natural dyes broadens spectral absorption and enhances DSSC efficiency, with 12 hours identified as the optimal immersion duration for sensitizer application.
Integrated Phytochemical and Hematological Assessment of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Justicia carnea in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Diabetes mellitus, a multifactorial metabolic disorder, is often associated with hematological and oxidative alterations that contribute to disease complications. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biochemical effects of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Justicia carnea on hematological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty-six (36) male albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), except in the normal control group. The diabetic control group received no treatment, while the reference group received metformin (50 mg/kg). Test groups were orally administered Justicia carnea hydroethanolic extract at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Acute toxicity was assessed using Lorke’s method. At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose levels were measured, and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for hematological analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, indicating significant bioactive potential. Proximate analysis showed high carbohydrate (50.91 %) and moisture (21.11 %) content, with lower levels of crude fat (0.25 %) and protein (1.25 %). Treatment with Justicia carnea extract produced a dose-dependent improvement in hematological indices, including red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and white blood cells, compared with diabetic controls. These effects suggest a restorative influence on hematopoietic function, potentially mediated by phytochemical constituents with antioxidant or cytoprotective activity. These findings suggest that Justicia carnea may possess hematoprotective and restorative properties beneficial in the management of diabetes-induced hematological alterations.
An Assessment of Soil Physicochemical and Trace Metal Profiles around Welding Fabrication Areas of Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
This study assessed the physicochemical and trace metal profiles of soils around from welding fabrication areas in Abraka, Delta state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from a welding (contaminated site) and a control site. Standard laboratory methods (APHA) and (AOAC) were used to analysed soil parameters and metal concentrations, with results compared against World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The welding-affected soils exhibited higher electrical conductivity and organic matter but lower bulk density content compared to the control site, suggesting better water retention in less-disturbed soils. Moisture content was notably higher in the control soil, suggesting better retention in undisturbed soils. Soil temperature, pH, and water holding capacity also varied between sites. Chemical analysis revealed lower calcium in the contaminated soil but higher magnesium and nitrogen, while phosphorous was reduced relative to the control, all within WHO acceptable ranges. Trace metal analysis showed extremely high levels of nickel and cadmium in the welding-affected soils, far above WHO limits. Other metals, including zinc, iron, lead, cobalt, manganese, copper, chromium, and arsenic, were also elevated relative to the control, although some remained within acceptable limits. The study concludes that welding activities substantially degrade soil quality and increase metal contamination, recommending periodic monitoring, safer waste management, and community awareness to mitigate impacts.
Assessment of Bacterial and Fungal Contaminants from Some Restaurants Wastewater in Karji, Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria
The relevance of restaurants in a society can never be overemphasized. However, improper management of waste water being generated by these restaurants poses a great deal of health risks by the interacting pathogenic microorganisms from the waste water with man. This study investigated the presence and diversity of bacteria and fungi in wastewater from selected restaurants at Karji Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State. Wastewater samples were collected from 3 restaurants in duplicate and analyzed for bacterial and fungal contaminants using standard microbiological methods. The results showed that all wastewater samples contained high levels of bacterial and fungal contaminants, including pathogenic species. Eight bacterial species (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus sp, Salmonella sp, Enterobacter sp, Shigella sp, Staphylococcus sp, and Pseudomonas sp) accounted for 8 (55.12%) while Six fungal isolate (Mucor sp, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Candida sp, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium sp) accounted for 6 (44.88%). The most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Shigella sp., and Staphylococcus sp, while the dominant fungal species were Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium spp., Candida spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor sp. The study highlights the need for effective wastewater management practices in restaurants to prevent environmental pollution and protect public health. The findings of this study can inform policy decisions and wastewater management strategies in Karji and similar settings. The research recommends regular monitoring of restaurant wastewater, implementation of proper wastewater treatment systems, and education and training programs for restaurant staff on wastewater management and best hygiene practices.
Antimicrobial Potential of the Yellow Plum (Ximenia americana): A Qualitative Evaluation of Ethyl Acetate Extracts from the Various Plants’ Parts
Medicinal plants have long been traditionally used as remedies for various ailments which include antimicrobials. Ximenia americana which belongs to the Olacaceae family is one of the plants used in traditional medicine in Africa. This study was targeted at assessing qualitatively, the antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extracts from the roots, stem bark and leaves of the plant at different concentrations on selected environmental and clinical samples of bacterial and fungal pathogens using standard susceptibility test procedures. Extracts from the roots, stem bark and leaves of the plant revealed the presence of some phytochemicals ranging from glycosides (saponins and flavonoids), polyphenolics (tannins and steroids) to alkaloids. Alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids were found to be present in the same intensity in all parts while the leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids steroids and steroids at varying intensities. The highest susceptibility was recorded from the leaf extracts where three of the test bacterial pathogens (Salmonella sp, Shigella sp and Staphylococcus aureus) showed varying degrees of susceptibilities at 20mg/ml, 25mg/ml, 30mg/ml, 35mg/ml and 40mg/ml. Furthermore, Staphylococcus aureus within this category exhibited the highest zone of inhibition (ZI) of 12mm indicating an increase in the disc size of 8mm conforming with Gentamycin (10µg) and Erythromycin (10µg) used as controls from commercially available antibiotic multi disks with ZIs of S (12mm). This study further reveals that the root extracts of the plant had no inhibitory effects on Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans at concentrations of 20mg/ml. 25mg/ml, 30mg/ml, 35mg/ml and 40mg/m. This finding potentially reveals the suitability of X. americana plant to be harnessed for its antibacterial potential through a further quantitative, safe and efficient evaluation of the specific bioactive components of the plant parts responsible for each antimicrobial activity as indicated in this study.
A Secure Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Encryption
The rapid proliferation of healthcare Internet of Things (IoT) systems has intensified the need for robust encryption mechanisms capable of securing sensitive medical data, particularly Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images. This research introduces a novel Modified Encryption Algorithm designed to enhance data confidentiality, integrity, and resilience against cyber threats within resource-constrained IoT environments. Through extensive simulation evaluations, the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior performance compared to widely used lightweight encryption schemes such as PRESENT, SIMON, and LEA. The algorithm achieves a remarkably high entropy value of 15.469, indicating strong randomness and resistance to statistical attacks. Additionally, the low correlation coefficients—vertical (0.0182), horizontal (–0.0132), and diagonal (0.0625) which confirm effective pixel decorrelation and robust cipher strength. The research obtained Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) value of 33.362 further validates the algorithm’s capability to withstand differential attacks, while a Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) score of 0.175 confirms that essential image characteristics remain intact, ensuring acceptable visual quality where required for clinical interpretation.
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
Biostratigraphy, Thermal Maturity and Paleoenvironment of the Basal Part of Gombe Formation from Gongola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, North Eastern Nigeria
The basal part of the Gombe Formation in the Gongola sub-basin (Northern Benue Trough) was investigated using integrated lithostratigraphic, palynological and foraminiferal analyses of (13) outcrop samples (GM-1 to GM-13) to establish age and paleoenvironment. The succession is characterized by recurrent coarsening-upward cycles, basal claystone/mudstone grading into interbedded siltstones and fine sandstones and locally capped by medium–coarse sandstones with bioturbated greenish–brown shales (Thalassinoides), localized ironstone development and ferrogenised sands. Palynological assemblages from most samples yield Maastrichtian marker taxa (e.g., Tricolporopollenites sp., Cingulatisporites ornatus, Zlivisporites blanensis, Proteacidites dehaani, Distaverrusporites simplex), while the microfossil record is dominated by arenaceous benthic foraminifera (e.g., Haplophragmoides spp., Miliammina inflata, Trochammina spp., Ammobaculites coprolithiformis, Reophax guineana). Integration of these data indicates a Late Campanian–Maastrichtian age with strong emphasis on the Maastrichtian and a depositional setting interpreted as marginal-marine to shallow inner-neritic influenced by deltaic–estuarine progradation. The abundance of terrestrially derived palynomorphs, freshwater indicators (e.g., Botryococcus) and charred plant fragments, together with the absence of calcareous/planktic foraminifera, point to strong terrestrial input, intermittent freshwater influence and dysoxic bottom conditions. Some samples (GM-2, GM-9, GM-12) show low fossil recovery.
Palynology, Palynofacies and Foraminiferal Analyses of Lower Bima Member, Yola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria: Implication for Age, Paleoenvironment and Thermal Maturity
The Lower Bima Member of the Yola Arm Northern Benue Trough, northeastern Nigeria exposed at Ture-Awak Section, was investigated through integrated lithostratigraphic, palynological, palynofacies, and foraminiferal analyses to establish its age, depositional environment, and thermal maturity. A ~45 m thick succession of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and shales at the Ture–Awak Road section was logged and interpreted as a prograding fluvial to lacustrine system with repeated fining- and coarsening-upward cycles. Palynological analysis of 21 outcrop samples (M1–M21) yielded a moderately diverse assemblage dominated by terrestrial pollen and spores, with additional occurrences of freshwater algae (Botryococcus braunii), fungal spores, and diatom frustules. The presence of diagnostic taxa, including Cretacaeiporites, Monocolpites marginatus, Araucariacites, Proxaperites operculatus, and Triorites africaensis, supports a Cenomanian age. Palynofacies assemblages are dominated by woody phytoclasts (PM-1, PM-4) with minor amorphous organic matter and algal remains, indicating predominantly gas-prone Type III kerogen with localized oil-prone intervals, while Thermal Alteration Index and spore colour index values suggest variable maturity from immature to peak oil window. Foraminiferal analysis reveals arenaceous benthic taxa (Haplophragmoides, Trochammina, Ammobaculites), which indicate marginal to restricted depositional conditions, and Foraminiferal Colour Index values (~2.0–3.5) correspond to paleotemperatures of 60–110 °C, consistent with early to peak oil generation. Therefore, palynological, palynofacies, and foraminiferal studies demonstrates that the samples were deposited in under humid/arid climate in fluvial–lacustrine depositional systems. The presence of source-prone shales and maturity parameters confirms that the samples are matured enough for hydrocarbon generation.
Physicochemical and Metal Profiles of Soils as Influenced by Crude Oil Contamination in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
An assessment of the physicochemical and metal profiles of soils as affected by crude oil contamination in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria was carried out using five levels of oil treatments ( 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 ml per 2 kg of soil). Soil samples were dried after proper missing at ambient temperature and crushed in a porcelain mortar and sieved through 2mm stainless sieve. The air dried soils were stored in polythene bags for subsequent analysis. Soils physicochemical analysis was done following the methods of the Association of Analytical of Chemist (AOAC, 2010) while the heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that crude oil impacted soil properties variedly significant increases (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in bulk density, total pH, organic carbon, nitrogen while significant reductions were observed for phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, potassium, total porosity, electrical conductivity and hydraulic conductivity. There was however a buildup of trace metals including Cu, N, Ma, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd. The study established that these alternatives can have great implications on plant production, yield and food security impacting human health and environment due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation potentials. The study recommends environmental monitoring and education on a regular basis.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Slaughtered Cattle and Goats in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
Environmental pollution with concomitant contamination of foods of plant and animal origin, particularly by heavy metals, continues to be of great concern in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. These heavy metals—whether naturally occurring or synthetic—are ubiquitous. Humans encounter them via water, air, plants, and animals, as they enter the body through inhalation, contact, and ingestion, ultimately accumulating in various tissues and organs with deleterious health outcomes. This study assessed the blood and tissue levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in cattle and goats slaughtered at the Gwagwalada abattoir, Abuja, Nigeria, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The findings revealed elevated levels of these metals in various tissues, often exceeding FAO/WHO safety limits, indicating potential public health risks. More regular evaluation of meat and meat products for heavy metals should be undertaken and safety limits should be enforced to protect public health.
Radioactivity Concentration in Quarry mining Soil in Pulka, Gwoza LGA, Borno State, Nigeria
Effective monitoring of environmental radioactivity is essential for mitigating radiation-induced health risks such as cancer. In this study, the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured in soil samples collected from seventeen sample points across gwoza local government area. Gamma-ray spectrometry was employed for the analysis conducted at the center for energy research and development, Obafemi Awolowo university Ile-Ife. Osun state. The results, obtained indicate average activity concentrations of approximately 14.01 Bq kg-1 for 238U, 3.19 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and 571.72 Bq kg-1 for 40K, with 40K being the dominant contributor to the overall specific activity. Gamma hazard indices, were derived from the established equations. Furthermore, radiological parameters were evaluated, the Absorbed dose rate (DAbs), Annual Effective Dose (AEDE), Radium equivalent (Raeq), External hazard index (Hex), Internal hazard index (Hin), Gamma activity index (Iγr), and Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Were all determined to assess the radiation hazard of the quarry soil yielding average values of 32.17 nGyh-1, 0.0411 mSv y-1, 62.494 Bq kg-1, 0.168, 0.206, 0.506, and 0.000144 respectively, the current radiological concentration of the soil does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. However, prolonged exposure over a lifetime could result to health risks for both workers and the general public, particularly for those in close proximity to the quarry. These findings underscore the importance of continuous radioactivity monitoring to protect both human health and other components of the locality.
Enantia chlorantha Stem Back Extracts Enhances Haematological Indices in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia and altered blood components owing to physiological imbalances. The present study evaluated the effects of the hydro ethanol (HE) extract of Enantia chlorantha (E. chlorantha) stem bark (ECSB) on hyperglycemia and some haematological parameters in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wister rats. Forty-nine male diabetic Wistar rats (FBS ≥ 200 mg/dL) fed with high fat diet for 28 days, were randomly placed in six groups of seven animals each and seven other non-diabetic high fat-fed rats were placed in Group 1 as normal control. Groups 2 and 3 served as diabetic and reference drug control groups respectively, while Groups 4 - 7 served as test groups. Treatments were orally administered twice daily for 14 days in the following order; Group II (no treatment), Group III (35 mg/kg bwt (body weigt) of metformin), Group IV (200 mg/kg bwt HE), Group V (400 mg/kg bwt HE), Group VI (200 mg/kg bwt EA) and Group VII (400 mg/kg bwt EA). Results obtained showed that the untreated diabetic rats had hyperglycaemia and altered blood components, when compared with the non-diabetic rats. However, administration of the HE and EA extracts attenuated hyperglycaemia and blood parameters such as RBC count, HGB, HCT, PLT and LYM concentrations compared to the diabetic control, while, WBC concentrations decreased accordingly. These findings suggest that E. chlorantha improves hyperglycaemia and modulates haematological indices in favour of recovery during diabetic conditions.
Morphometric Characterization, Heterosis Expression, and Growth Performance of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia and Red Tilapia Hybrids for Sustainable Aquaculture Development
Aquaculture is the practice of developing aquatic animals and plants under artificial environmental conditions, either in a controlled or semi-controlled environment. Tilapia stands out as one of the most extensively farmed and consumed fish species globally, valued for its ease of preparation and relative affordability. This study investigated the morphometric characteristics, growth performance, feed utilization, and heterosis expression of hybrids derived from crosses between Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) and Red Tilapia. Controlled breeding trials were conducted to produce F₁ hybrids alongside purebred GIFT and Red Tilapia groups. A 12-week growth experiment was carried out under standardized aquaculture conditions, during which growth indices, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival were assessed. Morphometric and meristic traits were measured and analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) to evaluate hybrid distinctiveness. Results showed that hybrids significantly outperformed parental strains in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate, while recording a lower FCR, thereby confirming the expression of heterosis in growth and feed efficiency traits. Survival rates were high and comparable across groups, indicating that enhanced performance did not compromise viability. Morphometric assessment revealed intermediate phenotypes in hybrids, with DFA achieving over 90% classification accuracy, while meristic traits remained stable across groups. PCA highlighted body size descriptors as key contributors to hybrid distinctiveness. The findings demonstrate the potential of GIFT × Red Tilapia hybrids as valuable genetic resources for sustainable aquaculture improvement, combining superior biological performance with market appeal.
Biosynthesis and Comprehensive Structural Characterization of TiO₂-Loaded Bentonite Nanocomposites using Orange Peel Extract
Increasing contamination of water resources by industrial effluents has necessitated the development of low-cost, eco-friendly, and efficient materials for wastewater treatment. Among such materials, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is recognized for its excellent photocatalytic activity, while bentonite clay provides high surface area and strong adsorption capacity. This study reports a green biosynthesis route for TiO₂-loaded bentonite nanocomposites (BTNCs) using orange peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent to integrate the photocatalytic and adsorptive properties of TiO₂ and bentonite respectively. Characterization of the synthesized nanocomposites was carried out using a suite of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Characterization via XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles (~17.5 nm) uniformly dispersed within the bentonite matrix, with evidence of Ti–O–Si bond formation indicating strong interaction between TiO₂ and bentonite. The eco-friendly synthesis method discourages the use of toxic reagents and offers multifunctional nanomaterials with promising applications in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.
Sustainable Protein Alternatives: Exploring The Viability of Edible Insects in Crisis Settings
Edible insects are garnering attention as sustainable protein alternatives to address the nutritional challenges in crises. These scenarios, characterized by severe food insecurity and malnutrition, are frequently exacerbated by conflicts, natural disasters, and the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting vulnerable populations. This analysis examines the potential of edible insects, which are rich in protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients, to address these issues. More than 2,000 insect species are considered edible, with the most frequently consumed being beetles, caterpillars, bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. In East Africa, insect farming is expanding, with a focus on crickets, black soldier flies, and other species. However, the industry faces challenges related to feed expenses, pathogen and pest risks, and insufficient research. Enhancing the acceptability and nutritional quality of these foods can be achieved through value addition via processing techniques and incorporation into various food products. High-quality insect protein isolates for food applications can be obtained through protein extraction methods such as alkaline extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Promising avenues for increasing edible insect consumption include developing insect-based meat alternatives and fortifying baked goods with insect flour. Nevertheless, consumer acceptance remains a significant obstacle, necessitating additional research on the sensory properties and safety of insect-based foods. Overcoming these challenges requires increased funding, capacity building, and stakeholder coordination to expand the production and utilization of edible insects as a sustainable solution to nutrition challenges in crisis settings.
Evaluation of Physical Egg Quality of Ducks
Duck eggs are a crucial source of affordable protein and income in many developing countries, but their marketability is often limited by variable quality and consumer concerns about defects. Egg quality traits are known to be influenced by bird age, yet limited information exists for ducks under Nigerian production conditions. This study evaluated the effects of duck age on external and internal egg quality traits. A total of 400 fresh eggs were collected from young (<6 months), prime-age (6–12 months), and older (>12 months) ducks in Danbatta Local Market, Kano State. Eggs were assessed for weight, shell thickness, shape index, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, and incidence of defects. Prime-age ducks produced significantly heavier eggs (69.2 ± 2.9 g) with thicker shells (0.42 ± 0.03 mm) and superior internal quality (Haugh unit: 82.5 ± 4.1; yolk index: 0.47 ± 0.03) compared with young or older ducks (p<0.05). Shape index did not differ among age groups. Defect occurrence varied with age: blood spots were most frequent in older ducks (18.3%), shell cracks in young ducks (9.6%), while dirty shells showed no significant age effect (14.1–15.2%). Shell thickness correlated positively with Haugh units (r = 0.68, p<0.01), while egg weight was moderately correlated with yolk index (r = 0.45, p<0.01). The results highlight the physiological advantage of prime-age ducks and the distinct quality risks associated with younger and older flocks. Age-based flock management strategies could enhance egg quality, reduce postharvest losses, and improve consumer acceptance in duck egg production systems.
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