The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) is the official scientific publication of the ERDEL Scientific Research Group (ESRG), Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Publishing Schedule The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) shall publish issues bimonthly. Covering January-February, March-April, May-June, July-August, September-October & November-December Issues. Indexing: Crossref, Google Scholar, Researchgate, etc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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The Nature of Highrise Residential Estates: A Comparative Analysis of Design Characteristics and Typologies
This study examines the nature of high-rise residential estates through a comparative analysis of seven case studies selected from Nigeria, Italy, Australia, and Israel. Using a mixed-method research approach, the study evaluates building height distribution, apartment typologies, provision of essential services, prototype variation, and building orientation patterns. Qualitative methods included visual observation, architectural analysis, and case study examination, while quantitative methods involved descriptive statistical analysis of measurable building characteristics. The findings reveal those high-rise residential buildings within the selected cases range between 14 and 34 storeys. Nigerian examples predominantly fall within the 14–26 storey range, whereas international examples demonstrate greater verticality. Two-bedroom and three-bedroom apartments were identified in all case studies (100%), indicating a universal preference for family-oriented housing. Essential facilities such as elevators, staircases, balconies, terraces, and parking were also universally provided across all developments. Prototype variation differed significantly among the case studies: 1004 Housing Estate contained six prototypes, Eko Court Complex had three, Bosco Verticale and One Central Park featured two each, while Bourdillon, A&A Towers Eko, and Tel Aviv Tower each adopted a single prototype configuration. In terms of orientation, 71% of the buildings adopted a north–south orientation to optimize ventilation and solar control. The study contributes baseline typological data for understanding contemporary high-rise residential development and provides practical recommendations for architects, urban planners, and policymakers involved in vertical housing design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isaiah Oluwatimilehin Adebambo, Kolawole Opeyemi Morakinyo, Sunday Favour Olawale, Abdulrasheed Mustapha, Seyi Oloyede Farodoye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reliability Modelling and Performance Evaluation of Active Parallel System with Interactions of Three Failure Types Using Copula Linguistic
This study presents a novel reliability modelling framework for a unit active parallel system subjected to three interacting failure types—minor, medium, and major—using a copula linguistic approach. Traditional reliability models often rely on the assumption of failure independence and binary operational states, which do not accurately reflect the complex failure interactions observed in real-world systems. To address this limitation, we integrate linguistic fuzzy logic with copula theory to capture the dependencies among heterogeneous failure modes while accommodating imprecise failure information. The proposed model accounts for component-level interactions, realistic repair strategies, and escalation pathways among failure types. Analytical expressions are derived for key performance metrics, including availability, mean time to failure (MTTF), and system downtime. Numerical evaluations and sensitivity analyses demonstrate the model’s robustness and practical relevance in identifying critical dependence structures and supporting maintenance decision-making. The approach provides a flexible, interpretable, and computationally viable solution for reliability assessment in safety-critical active parallel systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kabiru Garba Ibrahim, Ibrahim Yusuf, Hamisu Ismail Ayagi, Abdullahi Sanusi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrated Assessment of Groundwater Sustainability in a Semi-Arid Confined Aquifer: A Modelling and Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Suitability Study of the Zinder Aquifer, Niger
The history of estimating aquifer properties is intertwined with the evolution of hydrogeology and the growing recognition of the vital role groundwater plays in sustaining human societies. This study combines pumping test data interpreted using the Cooper-Jacob and Theis methods to estimate the hydraulic characteristics of a constrained aquifer in the Zinder region of Niger. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of two traditional analytical techniques for aquifer characterisation, as well as to comprehend the regional variability of important physical parameters, such as transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storativity. Using aquifer test software, parameters were determined for each of the 22 wells that were examined. The findings reveal notable variation in transmissivity values ranging from 2.08 to 141.36 m²/day and hydraulic conductivity, which ranges from 0.0321 to 2.28 m/day. Low values correlated with clay-rich lithologies, while high values were typically linked to wells that penetrated conglomerate and coarse sandstone layers. Although the Cooper-Jacob approach provided more variation in storativity values, it consistently yielded higher estimates of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity than the Theis method. The significance of method selection in hydrogeological research is emphasised by this comparison analysis, especially for limited aquifers in semi-arid locations. The study offers important insights into aquifer behaviour by combining geological data with pumping test analysis. These discoveries have implications for future model calibration in comparable situations and sustainable groundwater management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sani Yakubu Khalifa, Mohammed Aliyu Aliyu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Barriers and Enablers to Renewable Energy Adoption in Rural Northern Nigeria: A Systematic Review (2018–2025)
Northern Nigeria continues to experience very low rural electrification rates despite significant solar potential. National efforts to promote decentralized renewable energy technologies (RETs) have not yet translated into widespread household and community adoption in many northern rural areas. This systematic review synthesizes available peer-reviewed evidence published between 2018 and 2025 on the barriers and enablers influencing renewable energy technology adoption in rural Northern Nigeria. A PRISMA 2020-compliant search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online. Key peer-reviewed studies focusing on rural Northern Nigeria were identified and thematically synthesized. Financial and affordability constraints emerged as the most significant barrier. Technical capacity and maintenance challenges, socio-cultural and gender-related factors, and gaps in policy implementation were also important. Promising enablers included flexible financing models and community engagement. The available evidence base remains limited and geographically concentrated. Adoption of renewable energy technologies in rural Northern Nigeria is constrained by interconnected financial, technical, and institutional barriers. Integrated interventions and expanded primary research are needed to support more effective deployment.
renewable energy; rural electrification; Northern Nigeria; solar home systems; mini-grids; barriers; enablers; systematic review; energy access
Copyright (c) 2026 Sule Muhammad Zubairu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of the Functional Nature of Contemporary City Malls in Nigeria
Shopping malls in Nigeria have evolved from basic retail facilities into multifunctional urban complexes that accommodate shopping, entertainment, recreation, and social interaction. Despite this transformation, concerns remain regarding their functional efficiency, accessibility, and spatial performance. This study assesses the functional performance of contemporary city malls in Nigeria with emphasis on spatial configuration, wayfinding, accessibility, atrium design, and urban integration. A mixed-method research approach was adopted using case studies, observational checklists, questionnaire surveys, and space syntax analysis. Twelve shopping malls across Lagos, Abuja, and Ogun State were examined, while five malls were selected for detailed appraisal. Findings reveal that although most malls effectively provide retail and recreational functions, major deficiencies exist in accessibility provisions, wayfinding systems, and integration with public transportation networks. Linear floor plan configurations demonstrated superior intelligibility and ease of navigation compared with racetrack layouts. Only 26% of the malls examined provided both Braille signage and audio guidance systems, while none provided designated parking spaces for persons with disabilities. The study concludes that functional mall design requires early integration of universal design principles, efficient spatial planning, and effective wayfinding strategies. The paper recommends the adoption of inclusive design standards, improved fire safety systems, enhanced public transport integration, and better regulatory enforcement to ensure that shopping malls adequately serve all categories of users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Favour Olawale, Kolawole Opeyemi Morakinyo, Olatunde Folaranmi Adedayo, Tope Samuel Alonge, Oluwatimilehin Isaiah Adebambo, Seyi Oloyede Farodoye, Abdulrasheed Mustapha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Forest Fragmentation on Aboveground Biomass Carbon Stock in selected Arid-Savanna Forest Landscape in Nigeria
Forest structure in the arid regions of Nigeria is experiencing intense degradation due to its fragmentation. Forest Fragmentation (FF) associated with loss of Forested Land Cover (FLC) and aboveground biomass carbon stock (AGBC). Understanding the impact of fragmentations on FLC and AGBC in Jigawa State is necessary for conservation efforts. Hence this study was conducted. Baturia Forest Reserve (BFR) was purposively selected based on satellite imagery and accessibility. It was stratified into: Interior (I), Edge (E), and Matrix (M). A sample plot (20 x 20 m) with three replicates were randomly established in each stratum for the estimation of AGBC (kg ha-1) using established allometric equations. Ground biomass was collected from 1 m2 subplots laid at each opposite corners and the middle of the sample plots. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and correlation at α0.05. The forest cover area in BFR is fragmented from 45,210 (ha) in year 2000 to 28,340 (ha) in year 2024. Agriculture and built-up areas increased from 62,500 to 78920, and 4,200 to 8900 ha respectively. The number of medium forest patches (>10 ha) increased from 48 to 72 between the years. The AGBCS varied significantly from 28.6±1.84 Mg C ha-1 (I), 17.4±1.42 Mg C ha-1 (E) and 4.8±0.65 Mg C ha-1 (M). Significant relationship was obtained between forest patches and AGBCS (r = 0.71) showing high influence of FF on AGBCS. Forest interior is the less fragmented forest land-cover and most supports AGBCS in BFR, Jigawa State.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulhakeem Ahmad Lawal, Kaseem Dele Salami, Abbas Nazil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review of Modern Web Development Frameworks and Productivity Tools
The rate of dissatisfaction over the intransigent website provided by web development companies to government, organizations and businesses, not meeting their routine operational demands has increased in recent time. In this light, we explore the modern web development frameworks and productivity tools by considering the distinctions amongst the types of web applications and the different tools that are used for building website which have posed serious problems, confusions and debates amongst developers and their clients. We equally examined the features of the different types of the website and the tools that would enable organizations determine the type of web app they need and the corresponding tools most effective for actualizing the overall goal of the business. Finally, we compared the web frameworks to enable clients decide the tools appropriate for their type of businesses websites that would reduce the cost of building and maintaining the website, enhance performance and productivity that would stand the taste of time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday C. Agu, Felix Elugwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fractional-Order Mathematical Modeling of HIV/AIDS Transmission Dynamics via a Generalized Adams–Bashforth–Moulton Numerical Scheme
HIV/AIDS remains one of the major global public health challenges due to its high transmission rate, long-term health complications, and socio-economic impact on affected populations. Despite several intervention strategies, the disease continues to spread, particularly in regions with inadequate access to treatment and preventive measures. Motivated by the need to better understand the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS and the impact of treatment strategies, this paper focuses on the dynamics of HIV/AIDS transmission using a fractional-order mathematical model to assess the effect of treatment and contact rates on HIV/AIDS. The model presents the existence and uniqueness of the solution in the fractional-order sense, demonstrating the well-posedness of the model. The model's stability is analysed to understand the dynamics of the disease, including the basic reproduction number. These findings show treatment rates of exposed, asymptomatic, and symptomatic individuals play a critical role in reducing the reproduction number below one, implying control of the disease, whereas contact rates increase disease transmission and maintain the disease's presence. Sensitivity and simulation analyses show that transmission-related parameters have a positive impact on disease transmission, while treatment-related parameters have a negative sensitivity, leading to a reduction in the disease burden. The dynamics of population states for different treatment and contact rates are discussed using the fractional Adams–Bashforth–Moulton numerical scheme. Further contour and surface plots reveal that increased treatment and lower contact rates result in a significant reduction in the HIV/AIDS incidence, while poor control measures and increased contact rates increase the infection. The results highlight that early treatment of exposed individuals and treatment of infected individuals (asymptomatic and symptomatic) are key to reducing the disease burden. In summary, the study underlines the need for effective control measures incorporating treatment expansion and reduction in transmission pathways for the successful control and possible eradication of HIV/AIDS in the population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enejoh Jalija, Jeremiah Amos, David Omale, William Atokolo, Emmanuel Abah, Johnson Juwon Orugun, Bolarinwa Bolaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Elemental Composition of Rice Husk from Darma Rice Mills, Katsina State, Nigeria
Rice husk (RH), an abundant agricultural by-product obtained during rice milling, has attracted increasing attention due to its potential applications in agriculture, environmental remediation, and industrial production. However, its elemental composition may change depending on environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and processing methods, leading to the possible contamination with toxic heavy metals that pose environmental and health concerns. This study investigated the elemental composition of rice husk obtained from Darma Rice Mill, Katsina State, Nigeria, using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy. The rice husk samples were collected, prepared, and analyzed to determine the concentration of major and trace elements. The results revealed the presence of several elements at varying concentrations, with silicon (Si) identified as the dominant beneficial element due to the naturally siliceous nature of rice husk. Other essential elements such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), sulfur (S), and aluminum (Al) were also detected. However, lead (Pb) recorded an exceptionally high concentration and exceeded the permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), indicating possible environmental contamination. Trace elements including niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), tin (Sn), tantalum (Ta), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were detected at relatively low concentrations. The findings highlight the potential environmental and public health risks associated with improper reuse or disposal of contaminated rice husk and emphasize the need for continuous monitoring, proper management, and treatment strategies to minimize heavy metal contamination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullahi Tanimu, Naziru Saminu, Shamsuddeen Sani Alhassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of Biosurfactant Production Using Bacteria Isolated from Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil
Biosurfactants are surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms that have different applications in many environmental problems. This research was aimed to isolate biosurfactant producing bacteria and optimize the conditions like pH, carbon source and incubation time for maximum biosurfactant production. Samples were collected from three points of hydrocarbon contaminated soil in Sokoto Metropolis. Primary screening test including hemolytic activity, drop collapse technique and oil displacement method were performed and species with the best results were picked for complementary screening test like emulsification activity and foaming activity. The viable aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count of all the samples ranges from 13.8x107cfu/g to 2.5x107 cfu/g. A total of sixteen isolates were identified. During primary and complementary screening tests, eight species showed hemolytic activity, five species (5) had drop collapsing activity and eight species showed oil displacement activity. Optimization studies revealed that production of biosurfactant was optimal at pH 6.5, 3% carbon source and 96 hours incubation time respectively. Finally, two strains Psuedomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis with a high amount of biosurfactant production were identified molecularly with their best hit match similarity was source from the GenBank of NCBI. Therefore, there is need to use biotechnology approaches with a view to improving the performance of bacterial strain.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asiya Gidado Yabo, Aliyu Sarkin Baki, Abdullahi Bako Rabah, Aliyu Mamuda, Umar Musa Abdullahi, Aisha Habibu, Hannatu Bello, Aisha Aminu Mode, Bahira Bello Yabo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Indigenous Bacteria from Tannery Effluent and Their Potential for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
Tannery effluent refers to as wastewater from the process of converting skin and hides into leather. This study was aimed at the Isolation and molecular characterization of indigenous bacteria from Tannery effluent sites including Unguwar Karaye A (UKA), Unguwar Karaye B (UKB), Unguwar Rogo A (URA) and Unguwar Rogo B (URB). Effluent Sample were collected in sterile bottles and serially diluted (10-1 to 10-7) before being inoculated on to nutrient agar using spread or pour plate techniques., after incubation at 30co to 37oc for 24 to 48hours, distinct colonies were isolated, and identified through Gram staining, biochemical test and molecular methods such 16S rRNA sequencing. The physicochemical analysis showed acidic pH ranging from 5.25±0.19 to 6.87±0.29 with temperatures between 34oc±0.82 and 37oc±1.25. Total viable bacterial count ranges from 1.32×107 to 1.75×107cfu/g. Twelve (12) bacterial species were identified, with Bacillus subtilis being the most predominant (21.1%), followed by Exiguobacterium profundum (10.5%), Bacillus pumilus (10.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.5%), while Bacillus licheniformis (5.3%), Pseudomonas fluorescence (5.3%), Pseudomonas putida (5.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (5.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.3%), Escherichia coli (5.3%) and Acinetobacter baumanii (5.3%) were the least prevalent. Chromium concentration from 400mg/L was reduced by bacteria Exiguobacterium profundum to 0.523 ±0.004 and 0.175±0.02 within 48hours and 96hours, outperforming Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecular identification confirmed the most efficient isolate as Exiguobacterium profundum strain 10C. This study highlights its strong potential for chromium bioremediation in tannery effluents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar Musa Abdullahi, Anas Haruna, Musa Maina, Umar Musa Ruwa, Sherif Abdullahi, Abdullahi Abubakar Danwanzam, Haliru Shu’aibu, Aminu Yusuf Fardami, Ahmadu Ali Farouq, Mustapha Yusuf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Quantile Regression Approach to Understanding Socioeconomic and Environmental Predictors of Students’ Academic Outcomes in Plateau State
This study applies a quantile regression framework to examine how socioeconomic and environmental factors shape academic outcomes among a sample of undergraduate students across five tertiary institutions in Plateau State, Nigeria. While previous studies have relied predominantly on mean-based analyses that do not account for the heterogeneity in student achievement, this study extends the literature by examining how predictor effects vary across the full distribution of cumulative grade point average (CGPA). Anchored in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and Bourdieu’s theory of capital, the analysis integrates multidimensional indicators of socioeconomic status, institutional environment, accommodation conditions, academic engagement, and demographic factors. Results reveal substantial distributional asymmetries in the determinants of academic performance. Study hours, environmental quality, and socioeconomic status exhibit significant but varying effects across quantiles, indicating that students at different achievement levels respond differently to similar conditions. Environmental qualities that capture facilities, digital access, hostel adequacy, and security exert a consistent positive influence across all quantiles, with stronger effects among high achievers. On the other hand, socioeconomic disadvantage most strongly constrains performance at the lower tail of the CGPA distribution. Accommodation type and institutional affiliation also show differentiated impacts, particularly among low achievers, whereas gender and age display no meaningful effects. These findings highlight the inadequacy of uniform academic policies and show the need for separate interventions tailored to students’ positions in the achievement distribution. The study contributes methodologically by demonstrating the utility of quantile regression for Nigerian higher-education research and offers evidence-based guidance for institutional reforms aimed at enhancing educational equity and excellence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Segun Peter Alade, Wazahada Pius Lkama, Olukemi Dayok (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Systematic Review of Learning Algorithms for Large-Scale Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) are an important and versatile tool for modeling systems with complex dynamics in various domains like medicine, engineering, environmental monitoring, financial systems, among others to aid in decision-making. These domains usually datasets with large number of nodes and connections leading to large-scale maps. This paper reviews learning algorithms for FCMs under Hebbian, Population-based and hybrid classifications. While Hebbian-based algorithms suffer from local optima and generalization issues, population-based algorithms are generally computationally prohibitive from large-scale exploration, which also affects the global search component of hybrid algorithms. A number of algorithms have been developed specifically for large-scale FCMs by adopting problem decomposition, parallelization, sparsity inducement, and multi-agent-based techniques. Considering the great potential of FCMs as a modeling tool in domains with large, complex systems, research on algorithms tailored to large-scale systems remain limited and needs to be explored further.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faith O. Echobu, Oyenike M. Olanrewaju, Sani Zaharaddeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potentials of Adansonia digitata linn. Seed and Leaf: Proofs from Two Provenances and Implications for Human Diet
This study aims to assess the nutritional contents of Adansonia digitata (Linn) seeds and leaves from two provenances. The prevalence of malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies, particularly in developing regions, and the underutilization of baobab's nutritional potential. The study seeks to explore the nutritional value of baobab seeds and leaves and their contribution to human diet. Study was conducted at the Nutrition Laboratory of Biochemistry complex, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State. Samples of Adansonia digitata leaf and seed were collected from two locations (Dutse, Jigawa and Ilorin, Kwara). Purposive sampling was used to select the communities and mother trees. Parameters such as moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and crude fibre were assessed. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test to compare the nutritional content of seeds and leaves. The results showed significant variations in moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and crude fibre content among the samples. Results revealed that Ilorin seeds and leave had the highest moisture (9.217±0.617), (6.159±0.541), protein content (20.235±0.946), (14.219±0.675) Fat (13.846±1.078), (2.797±0.619), while Dutse seeds and leave had the highest carbohydrate content (59.299±1.295), (77.641±0.910) and crude fibre respectively. Adansonia digitata seeds and leaves from Dutse and Ilorin exhibit notable nutritional variations influenced by provenance. Ilorin samples showed higher moisture, protein, and fat contents, while Dutse samples were richer in carbohydrates and crude fibre. These findings highlight the plant’s nutritional versatility. It is recommended that both provenances be promoted for dietary use, while further studies should explore environmental factors affecting nutrient composition and support their inclusion in food and nutrition programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Airborne Particulate Matter–Bound Heavy Metals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Sources, Exposure Pathways, and Public Health Risk Assessment
Particulate matter in air (PM2.5/PM10) is a major environmental problem throughout Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the inherent toxicity of this pollutant relies heavily on the presence of associated heavy metals. Using this systematic review that aggregates evidence from 96 studies, the primary sources, atmospheric processing, routes of human exposure and health risk of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and As) bound to PM across the SSA are systematically assessed. The dominant sources derived from framework-based analysis include the combustion of fuels from a depreciating vehicle fleets, open burning of solid wastes including e-waste, biomass combustion from cooking activities, artisanal and industrial activities such as mining, and seasonal influx of dust from Saharan storms contributing to a regional blend of PM sources. Further, atmospheric ageing processes combined with acid-driven processing in tropical condition render heavy metals more soluble and bioavailable, thus increasing the toxicity. The main route of human exposure is inhalation while ingestion of resuspended dust significantly contributes to the risks encountered by children. Reported human health risk assessments mostly result in Hazard Index (HI) values >1.0 and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values >10 -6 (mainly concerning Cr and Ni in urban and industrial areas), which are above acceptable thresholds of human health risk. However, the legislative framework for metallic PM in SSA is scattered, and many African nations do not have specific limits on PM bound metallic content. The absence of long-term monitoring data and limited development of regional specific source profiles are among the key gaps of knowledge. Addressing these requires harmonized air quality standards, adopted component specific regulatory mechanisms, and green chemistry based pathway development for the industrial sector in SSA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jibril Limangba Idirisu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanistic Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Potential of Newbouldia laevis: Evidence from Phytochemical Profiling and Enzyme Inhibition Studies
Newbouldia laevis is widely utilized in traditional medicine for the management of metabolic and inflammatory disorders; however, its pharmacological properties require scientific validation. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis. Standard phytochemical screening methods and spectrophotometric assays, including DPPH, nitric oxide scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), protein denaturation, proteinase inhibition, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, were employed, with IC₅₀ values determined. The extract contained alkaloids (12.52 mg/100 g) in moderate amounts and lower levels of flavonoids (8.62 mg/100 g), saponins (5.95 mg/100 g), tannins (3.42 mg/100 g), phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. It exhibited notable antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC₅₀ = 6.33 µg/ml) and FRAP (IC₅₀ = 7.73 µg/ml) assays, indicating high radical scavenging and reducing capacity comparable to ascorbic acid/BHT under similar conditions, alongside moderate nitric oxide scavenging (IC₅₀ = 28.45 µg/ml), and anti-inflammatory activities. The extract also demonstrated notable α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 9.29 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 17.88 µg/ml); however, it exhibited lower potency than acarbose, with approximately 3-fold and 2.8-fold higher IC₅₀ values for α-amylase (9.29 vs. 3.17 µg/ml) and α-glucosidase (17.88 vs. 6.37 µg/ml), respectively. These findings suggest that the extract could possess multi-target bioactivity mediated by its phytochemical constituents. It may be concluded that Newbouldia laevis has significant therapeutic potential; therefore, further in vivo studies and isolation of active compounds are recommended, contributing novel evidence to its pharmacological validation
Copyright (c) 2026 Shirley Onagbonfeoana Ebhohon, Paschal Chikama Akubuiro, Udoka Isimhenmhen Edward, Pongri Wazakarda Adarki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Play Beyond Recreation: Integrating Informal Learning in Children’s Recreational Environments
Play serves as a fundamental mechanism for children’s cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. Traditionally viewed primarily as recreation, contemporary research positions play as a powerful vehicle for informal learning. This manuscript explores the theoretical foundations of play and learning, drawing on Piaget’s constructivist theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective, while integrating modern playful learning frameworks. It examines the characteristics of effective child-conscious recreational environments and analyzes case studies from Abuja, Nigeria (Maitama and Magicland Amusement Parks), Cairo’s Cultural Park for Children, and Rome’s Corviale Recreation Center. Findings reveal a significant gap in many urban African facilities, where design prioritizes commercial amusement over enriched learning opportunities. The paper proposes evidence-based design principles, including safety and comfort, flexibility with loose parts, rich learning affordances, inclusivity, and cultural-natural integration so as to create environments that seamlessly blend play with informal learning while accommodating parents at a secondary level. Recommendations for a proposed Children’s Recreation Center in Abuja emphasize child-conscious architecture that supports imagination, fantasy roles, and holistic development. This work advocates for a paradigm shift in recreational design, particularly in rapidly urbanizing contexts, and highlights the built environment’s role as a “third teacher” in fostering creative, independent, and confident future generations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Privacy-Utility Trade-off in an Adaptive Differential Privacy-Infused Secure Aggregation (ADPSA) Model for Federated Learning in IoT Environments
A key challenge in privacy-preserving Federated Learning (FL) is the trade-off between achieving strong privacy guarantees and maintaining high model utility. While Differential Privacy (DP) offers a formal solution, static implementations often result in excessive noise, harming accuracy. This paper presents the comprehensive evaluation of the proposed Adaptive Differential Privacy-Infused Secure Aggregation (ADPSA) model, focusing on its ability to balance privacy and utility in IoT environments. The evaluation was conducted using the N-BaIoT dataset across 100 clients for 100 communication rounds. The model was assessed against four key metrics: final privacy budget (ε), resistance to gradient inversion (measured via PSNR and SSIM), membership inference risk (attack accuracy), and final model accuracy. The ADPSA model achieved a strong final privacy budget (ε = 4.17), excellent resistance to gradient inversion (PSNR = 9.4 dB, SSIM = 0.12), and near-optimal protection against membership inference (attack accuracy = 50.9%). It maintained a high final accuracy of 90.6%, with a performance degradation of just 1.98% compared to the non-DP baseline. The results demonstrate that the adaptive privacy mechanism successfully optimizes the privacy-utility trade-off, providing strong protection with minimal impact on model performance. These characteristics make ADPSA particularly suitable for resource-constrained IoT deployments where both privacy sensitivity and computational efficiency are critical.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adewale Adebayo, Hannah Akinwumi, Micheal Agbaje, Obinna Uche, Opeyemi Shokunbi, Damilare Akinwunmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality Assessment of Sweetpotato Roots (Ipomoea batatas L.) as Influenced by Ridge Height, Vine Cutting and Vine Orientation
Sweetpotato in sub-saharan Africa is presently receiving attention as it is a cheap source of calories and helps in the fight against malnutrition. In view of these, two field trials were conducted during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons at the Research Farm Federal University Dutse (11°70' N, 9°34' E, and 460 m above sea level, in the Sudan savannah zone of Nigeria to determine effect of ridge height, vine cutting and vine orientation on nutritional quality of sweetpotato. The treatments consisted of ridge heights (0 cm (flat ground), 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm), vine cuttings (apical, mid and basal) and vine orientations (45°, 90° and 180°) laid out in a split plot design, with the ridge heights and vine cuttings in the main plot and vine orientations in the sub plot and replicated three times.. Ridging had significant effects on quality attributes with higher quantities of nutrient elements in higher ridges. Carbohydrate content was higher in the apical vine cutting, calcium and crude fibre contents were higher in the base than in other vine cuttings. In conclusion it can be recommended that for better plant establishment and subsequent root yield and better quality attributes ridging from 30cm, apical vine cuttings should be used. For higher fibre content the basal vine cutting should be used.
Building Design Impacts and Climate Resilience in Katsina State: A Systematic Review of Sustainable Architectural Practices in Hot-Dry Climates
Katsina State in northern Nigeria faces significant challenges from its hot-dry Sahelian climate, intensified by climate change. This systematic review synthesizes literature on how building design choices influence environmental, social, economic, and resilience outcomes. Traditional Hausa architecture, with features like thick mud walls and courtyards, provides effective passive cooling, while modern concrete designs often exacerbate overheating and energy demands. Barriers to sustainable practices include limited awareness and weak policy enforcement. Flood vulnerability further compounds risk in many areas. The review highlights research gaps in localized empirical studies and recommends hybrid vernacular-modern approaches, updated building codes, and capacity building to enhance climate resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanistic Insights and RSM-Based Optimization of Aluminium Corrosion Inhibition Using Banana Leaf Extract
The corrosion inhibition performance of banana (Musa spp.) leaf extract on aluminium in acidic medium was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) considering immersion time, temperature, and inhibitor concentration. The regression model exhibited strong predictive accuracy, with predicted and experimental inhibition efficiencies closely aligned along the 45° line. Residual normality was confirmed, with most residuals following the reference line and only minor deviations at approximately –3.0 and +3.8. The externally studentized residuals analysis showed that only one observation (predicted efficiency ≈ 75%) exceeded the critical limit of ±3.71733, while the remaining runs were within acceptable limits. Cook’s distance values ranged from 0.02 – 0.74, all below the influence threshold of 0.8845, with the highest values recorded for Run 2 (0.74), Run 15 (0.56), and Run 7 (0.51). Leverage values varied between 0.05 and 0.32, remaining below the critical value of 0.4706 and above the average leverage of 0.2353. DFFITS diagnostics identified Run 2 (+2.3) and Run 16 (–1.8) as relatively influential compared with the threshold of ±1.45521. Similarly, DFBETAS analysis for the intercept showed influential values for Run 2 (+1.05) and Run 17 (–0.95) relative to the limit of ±0.7276. The Box–Cox transformation produced an optimal λ ≈ 1.0 (95% CI), indicating stable variance and no need for response transformation. Perturbation analysis indicated a sensitivity order of immersion time > temperature > inhibitor concentration, with immersion time and temperature exerting negative effects while concentration showed a mild positive influence. Overall, the robust statistical diagnostics and predictive performance confirm the effectiveness of banana leaf extract as a sustainable green inhibitor for aluminium corrosion in acidic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Clifford Baba Okpanachi, Ekwu Mark Ameh, Lucky Ekwoba, Rotimi Larayetan, Edwin Abalaka, Emmanuel Ejukwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Conceptual Evaluation of a Small-Scale Gravity-Based Pumped Hydro Storage System with Permanent Magnet Generators (PMG) for Rural Renewable Energy Stabilization in Nigeria
Intermittency remains a critical bottleneck for renewable energy adoption in developing regions, as supply fluctuations disrupt grid stability. This study evaluates a hybrid energy system designed to improve power delivery continuity by integrating gravity-fed energy storage (GES) with high-efficiency recovery mechanisms. To address the cradle-to-grave challenges of chemical batteries, a mechanical-hydraulic synergy was modeled to capture surplus energy and convert it into gravitational potential. The system's operational logic utilizes surplus power to drive a hydraulic pump, lifting water to an elevated reservoir; during periods of low supply, this water descends to drive a micro-hydro turbine integrated with a Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) for electrical conversion. The research utilized a configuration consisting of an elevated water tower (10–20 meters), a micro-hydro recovery unit, and precision instrumentation including flow meters and pressure sensors to track energy movement. Performance was mathematically modeled using gravitational energy equations and verified through semi-urban wind-yield simulations, with the recovery subsystem demonstrating a modeled round-trip efficiency in the range of 72–81%. Results suggest that the hybrid approach could potentially achieve substantially higher reliability compared to standalone intermittent systems, which exhibited approximately 45% reliability under equivalent conditions. The system's projected 50-year service life and favorable levelized cost of storage relative to lithium-ion alternatives further support its viability. This battery-free design represents a potentially scalable, low-maintenance pathway toward rural electrification, offering meaningful mechanical inertia to help stabilize weak-grid infrastructure while mitigating the environmental risks associated with electrochemical disposal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bashar S. Qasim, Yusuf M. Ahijjo, Muazu Musa, Sadiya Umar, Samira A. Hassan, Muhammad B. Abdullahi, Tinke I. Peni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing: Global Trends, Drivers, Impacts and Management Responses
Fish and other aquatic resources are critical to global food security, economic development, and livelihoods, especially in developing countries. However, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing continues to jeopardise fisheries' viability and undercut global conservation and management efforts. This article investigates the idea and forms of IUU fishing, identifies the primary causes, and assesses the environmental, economic, and social consequences. It also examines current management and policy responses on the national and international levels. Furthermore, the study identifies rising global trends in IUU fishing, such as its concentration in weakly governed countries like West Africa and the growing sophistication of illegal fishing operations. The study highlights the importance of stronger governance frameworks, better monitoring and enforcement systems, improved traceability in seafood supply chains, and expanded international cooperation. Strengthening these measures is crucial for ensuring sustainable fisheries management and protecting marine biodiversity.
Impact of Water Change Frequency on the Growth of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings
This study evaluated the impact of water change frequency on the growth of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Fingerlings with an initial mean weight of 3.99g to 5.20g were stocked (10 fish per tank) across eight tanks and subjected to four treatments: T1 (water change every two days), T2 (every four days), T3 (every seven days), and T4 (every fourteen days). Physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, phosphorous- phosphate and nitrate-nitrogen) and growth Parameters (weight gain and length gain) were monitored using standard methods over 28 days. Results showed T2 and T3 gave the best growth with highest values for specific growth rate, relative growth rate, average daily growth and condition factor with significant differences (p<0.05). Water quality parameters were within ideal ranges, except for dissolved oxygen, which varied different from the standard. Correlation analysis revealed that dissolved oxygen (r = 0.11 for weight gain, r = 0.62 for length gain) and turbidity (r = 0.38 for weight gain, r = 0.78 for length gain) had positive relationships with growth parameters. Other parameters showed varying negative correlations, suggesting that higher level of these parameters might not favour growth under the experimental conditions. The findings suggests that water changes every 4-7 days may provide optimal conditions for growth in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings, highlighting the importance of balanced water quality management for sustainable aquaculture practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 E. Y. Yashim, D. M. Nuhu, N. Daniel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GC-MS Analysis of Hexane Extracts from the Roots, Stems, and Leaves of Hyptis suaveolens: Organ-Specific Phytochemical Profiling
Phytochemical characterization of medicinal plants is essential for elucidating their bioactive constituents and supporting their ethnopharmacological applications. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Family Lamiaceae) is widely utilized in traditional medicine for the management of infectious, inflammatory, and febrile conditions. However, comparative organ-specific chemical profiling of its non-polar extracts remains limited. This study aimed to characterize and compare the volatile and semi-volatile constituents of hexane extracts obtained from the roots, stems, and leaves of Hyptis suaveolens collected in Kano, Nigeria using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Plant organs were air-dried, pulverized, and macerated in hexane, and the extracts were analyzed using Agilent 7890A GC system coupled to a 5975C mass selective detector. Compound identification was performed by comparison with the NIST spectral library using a similarity index ≥ 80%. GC–MS analysis revealed distinct organ-specific phytochemical distributions. The root extract was dominated by bicyclic and heterocyclic compounds, notably cis-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one (24.535%) and 2-butynedioic acid, di-2-propenyl ester (21.555%). The stem extract was characterized predominantly by fatty acid methyl esters, with hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (27.757%) and 10-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (20.790%) as the major constituents. Similarly, the leaves extract was rich in fatty acid derivatives, particularly pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester (29.898%) and 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (21.847%), alongside the diterpenoid phytol (6.989%). These findings demonstrate pronounced organ-specific variation in lipophilic secondary metabolites of H. suaveolens, highlighting the chemical diversity of this species. The study provides phytochemical data for H. suaveolens from Kano Nigeria and establishes a basis for future bioassay-guided fractionation and pharmacological investigations.
Meat Quality and Storage Stability of Turkeys Fed Diets Containing Synthetic and Non-Synthetic Additives
Feed additives are groups of non-nutritive products added to rations to improve the efficiency of animal production and have shown antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and sedative properties. The study investigated the performance, meat quality, and storage stability of turkeys fed diets containing different additives. A total of 150 day-old turkeys were purchased and brooded. After two weeks of brooding, the birds were balanced for weight and assigned to five (5) treatments, with each treatment containing 30 turkeys, with 10 turkeys in replicates of 3. Five diets consisting of basal diet with no additives (control), basal diet + 4 g/kg of cloves, basal diet + 4 g/kg of duam palm, basal diet + 2.0 mg/kg of vitamin C, and basal diet + 0.25 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used. The feeding trial lasted a period of 12 weeks. Data collected showed that the pH values recorded across dietary treatments ranged from approximately 6.5 to 7.0, with birds fed diets containing BHT and vitamin C showing slightly higher pH values compared to those fed cloves, duam palm, and the control diet. Potassium differed significantly (P<0.05). Cloves had the highest potassium, followed by intermediate values in BHT and Vitamin C, while control and duam palm were lower. The result of the microbial load demonstrated that aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform count (TCC), and total fungal count (TFC) increased progressively with storage duration. The results of this study demonstrate that dietary additives influence sensory quality of turkey meat in different ways. Vitamin C was most effective in enhancing flavour, while cloves maintained acceptable aroma and tenderness.
Forests as Natural Barrier or Facilitators? The Role of Vegetation Structure in Mosquito Dispersal Patterns
Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya continue to pose major global health challenges, particularly across tropical and subtropical regions. While the role of climate, human mobility, and land use change in shaping disease transmission has been widely studied, the influence of forest vegetation structure on mosquito dispersal remains underexplored. Forests can simultaneously act as natural barriers, through dense canopy cover, lower temperatures, and reduced light, and as facilitators when fragmented or disturbed, creating transitional ecotones conducive to vector survival and flight. Recent research integrating landscape ecology, entomology, and remote sensing has revealed that vegetation heterogeneity, canopy height, and microclimate gradients directly mediate mosquito flight range, host-seeking behavior, and pathogen transmission potential. For example, Anopheles species often exploit partially cleared forest edges, while Aedes mosquitoes thrive in peri-urban forest mosaics that combine vegetation cover with artificial breeding habitats. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-based canopy measurements, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) modeling, and mark–release–recapture experiments, scientists are quantifying how vegetation structure predicts vector mobility across landscapes. This review synthesizes current knowledge (2021–2025) on how forest attributes modulate mosquito dispersal and vector-borne disease risks, emphasizing tropical ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. We discuss mechanistic pathways linking vegetation and vector ecology, evaluate forest management implications for disease prevention, and identify future research priorities integrating remote sensing and ecological modeling.
Fractional-Order Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Malaria Incorporating Control Measures via the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton Method
The epidemiological features of malaria infection are taken into consideration in this paper as a fractional-order mathematical model in Caputo derivative. The activities that the model uses to manage the disease are treatment and vaccination to study the effects of the controls on the disease dynamics. The theory of Lyapunov functions determines and verifies the existence and uniqueness of solutions within the frame of the fractional order and the stability of the endemic equilibrium point. The model is numerically obtained with the help of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithm that will indicate the alteration of the model parameters, and the fractional orders of the model parameters to the impact of each of the mentioned parameters on the course of the disease. It has been established through the application of simulation that the more the disease is treated and vaccinated the less the prevalence of malaria and that the fractional-order models have high level of flexibility and realism than the classical integer order equations. The paper identifies the importance of fractional modeling in the description of the interactions between the effects of memory and nonlocal interaction between the biological systems and this enhances the understanding and control of infectious diseases. The model does however assume that the population is homogeneous mixed and hypothetical values of the parameters thus preventing the empirical validation. To make the model more predictive and practical to use in the formulation of effective control schemes against malaria, then the future research must be capable of addressing the spatial heterogeneity, stochasticity.
Assessing Housing Affordability and Accessibility Issues in Nigerian Cities: Evidence from an Empirical Study in Warri, Delta State
This research evaluates the issues surrounding urban residential housing in Nigeria, with Warri in Delta State serving as the case study location. Its objectives included investigating the consequences of housing shortages and overcrowding, examining the influence of deficient basic infrastructure, analyzing problems of housing affordability, exploring the significance of informal settlements, and assessing the involvement of government and private sector actors in tackling these challenges. The investigation adopted a descriptive research approach, focusing on a population comprising 805 landlords, tenants, and government officials residing in Warri. Application of Taro Yamane’s formula yielded a sample size of 267 respondents. Information was gathered through a structured questionnaire administered via a multi-stage sampling procedure that integrated stratified and convenience techniques, then examined using descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations). Results indicate that housing shortages and overcrowding increase rental prices, worsen living standards, create health hazards, and overburden infrastructure systems. Deficient infrastructure including inadequate roads, drainage, water provision, electricity, and waste disposal compromises housing quality and long-term viability. Housing affordability suffers from elevated construction expenses and limited government initiatives, resulting in disproportionately high rent payments. Informal settlements intensify difficulties via inadequate planning, sanitation shortcomings, and restricted access to services. Collectively, these problems are interlinked and require immediate action. The research concludes that strengthened government policies, greater investment in infrastructure, stricter regulatory oversight, and collaboration with the private sector are vital to advancing affordable housing, regularizing informal settlements, and enhancing overall urban livability in Warri.
Assessment of Pesticide and Herbicide Residues and Associated Risks in Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) Tubers in Kwande Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria
Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) is a major staple crop in Nigeria, yet its production increasingly relies on herbicides and pesticides to control weeds and pests. This study assessed agrochemical use patterns, perceived health and environmental effects, and residue levels in yam tubers from Kwande Local Government Area. A stratified random sampling design was employed across three production zones (North, South, and West). Thirty farmers were interviewed, and thirty yam tuber samples were analyzed using the QuEChERS extraction method coupled with GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Method validation showed good linearity (R² ≥ 0.995), recoveries of 80–110%, relative standard deviations below 15%, and limits of quantification of 0.01 mg/kg. Herbicide use was reported by 91.2% of farmers and pesticide use by 73.5%, with metazachlor, atrazine, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, glyphosate, and paraquat most frequently detected. Mean herbicide residues ranged from 0.042 ± 0.008 mg/kg (North) to 0.091 ± 0.012 mg/kg (West), while pesticide residues ranged from 0.035 ± 0.009 mg/kg (North) to 0.124 ± 0.018 mg/kg (West). Most values were below or close to international maximum residue limits, though higher concentrations in the West zone suggest more intensive chemical use. Farmers commonly associated agrochemical exposure with skin irritation, respiratory problems, and water and soil contamination. The findings indicate spatial variability in residue burden and highlight potential food-safety and environmental risks. Strengthened regulation, routine residue monitoring, and promotion of integrated pest management are recommended to ensure safer and more sustainable yam production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Avese Winifred Lakpa, Simon Alyegba Shomkegh, David Oriabure Ekhumelo, Tavershima Charles Shabu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0