The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) is the official scientific publication of the ERDEL Scientific Research Group (ESRG), Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Publishing Schedule The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) shall publish issues bimonthly. Covering January-February, March-April, May-June, July-August, September-October & November-December Issues. Indexing: Crossref, Google Scholar, Researchgate, etc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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Forests as Natural Barrier or Facilitators? The Role of Vegetation Structure in Mosquito Dispersal Patterns
Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya continue to pose major global health challenges, particularly across tropical and subtropical regions. While the role of climate, human mobility, and land use change in shaping disease transmission has been widely studied, the influence of forest vegetation structure on mosquito dispersal remains underexplored. Forests can simultaneously act as natural barriers, through dense canopy cover, lower temperatures, and reduced light, and as facilitators when fragmented or disturbed, creating transitional ecotones conducive to vector survival and flight. Recent research integrating landscape ecology, entomology, and remote sensing has revealed that vegetation heterogeneity, canopy height, and microclimate gradients directly mediate mosquito flight range, host-seeking behavior, and pathogen transmission potential. For example, Anopheles species often exploit partially cleared forest edges, while Aedes mosquitoes thrive in peri-urban forest mosaics that combine vegetation cover with artificial breeding habitats. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-based canopy measurements, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) modeling, and mark–release–recapture experiments, scientists are quantifying how vegetation structure predicts vector mobility across landscapes. This review synthesizes current knowledge (2021–2025) on how forest attributes modulate mosquito dispersal and vector-borne disease risks, emphasizing tropical ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. We discuss mechanistic pathways linking vegetation and vector ecology, evaluate forest management implications for disease prevention, and identify future research priorities integrating remote sensing and ecological modeling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fractional-Order Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Malaria Incorporating Control Measures via the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton Method
The epidemiological features of malaria infection are taken into consideration in this paper as a fractional-order mathematical model in Caputo derivative. The activities that the model uses to manage the disease are treatment and vaccination to study the effects of the controls on the disease dynamics. The theory of Lyapunov functions determines and verifies the existence and uniqueness of solutions within the frame of the fractional order and the stability of the endemic equilibrium point. The model is numerically obtained with the help of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithm that will indicate the alteration of the model parameters, and the fractional orders of the model parameters to the impact of each of the mentioned parameters on the course of the disease. It has been established through the application of simulation that the more the disease is treated and vaccinated the less the prevalence of malaria and that the fractional-order models have high level of flexibility and realism than the classical integer order equations. The paper identifies the importance of fractional modeling in the description of the interactions between the effects of memory and nonlocal interaction between the biological systems and this enhances the understanding and control of infectious diseases. The model does however assume that the population is homogeneous mixed and hypothetical values of the parameters thus preventing the empirical validation. To make the model more predictive and practical to use in the formulation of effective control schemes against malaria, then the future research must be capable of addressing the spatial heterogeneity, stochasticity.
Assessing Housing Affordability and Accessibility Issues in Nigerian Cities: Evidence from an Empirical Study in Warri, Delta State
This research evaluates the issues surrounding urban residential housing in Nigeria, with Warri in Delta State serving as the case study location. Its objectives included investigating the consequences of housing shortages and overcrowding, examining the influence of deficient basic infrastructure, analyzing problems of housing affordability, exploring the significance of informal settlements, and assessing the involvement of government and private sector actors in tackling these challenges. The investigation adopted a descriptive research approach, focusing on a population comprising 805 landlords, tenants, and government officials residing in Warri. Application of Taro Yamane’s formula yielded a sample size of 267 respondents. Information was gathered through a structured questionnaire administered via a multi-stage sampling procedure that integrated stratified and convenience techniques, then examined using descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations). Results indicate that housing shortages and overcrowding increase rental prices, worsen living standards, create health hazards, and overburden infrastructure systems. Deficient infrastructure including inadequate roads, drainage, water provision, electricity, and waste disposal compromises housing quality and long-term viability. Housing affordability suffers from elevated construction expenses and limited government initiatives, resulting in disproportionately high rent payments. Informal settlements intensify difficulties via inadequate planning, sanitation shortcomings, and restricted access to services. Collectively, these problems are interlinked and require immediate action. The research concludes that strengthened government policies, greater investment in infrastructure, stricter regulatory oversight, and collaboration with the private sector are vital to advancing affordable housing, regularizing informal settlements, and enhancing overall urban livability in Warri.
Parametric Distribution Fitting and Extreme Value Inference for Rainfall in Maiduguri
The paper takes a stringent approach of statistical characterization and existence of extreme values of monthly rainfall in Maiduguri capital city of Borno State, Nigeria and applies a 4-decade dataset (1981-2023). Descriptive statistics show that there is a highly skewed, discontinuous rainfall regimen as indicated by the wide gap between the value of mean (53.86 mm) and the median (1.60 mm). As this aims to determine the best probabilistic model that describes the non-zero monthly rainfall, Gamma, Weibull, and Lognormal distributions were both fit using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and compared using Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) Information Criteria. The Gamma distribution proved to be the best model to choose since it gave the smallest AIC (3007.99) and BIC (3018.78) values and its estimation value was strong though in the lower and middle quantile ranges. To select the Gumbel distribution (as opposed to the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution) to model annual maxima, the shape parameter <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>ξ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:5pt; height:12.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> closes to zero <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>ξ</m:r><m:r>≈ 0.14)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:47.5pt;height:12.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> and the principle of parsimony were used. The estimation of the level at returns describes the large flood events indicating a 469.44 mm and 516.21 mm of the significant floods 50-year and 100-year returns respectively. The results offer crucially designed site values critical to improving the urban drainage-related infrastructure and flood resilience mechanisms of the semi-arid Sudano-Sahelian region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of an IoT-Based Fish Pond Water Quality Monitoring System
Aquaculture has remained a critical component of global food security, especially in developing countries where fish farming serves as a key source of nutrition and income. The productivity and sustainability of fish farms are largely dependent on maintaining optimal water quality. Traditional methods of monitoring pond water quality involve manual sampling and chemical test kits, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often reactive rather than proactive. To address these challenges, this study presents the development of a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT)-based system designed to monitor essential water quality parameters in real time. The developed system integrates multiple sensors—namely, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC)—connected to a microcontroller (ESP32), which processes the data and displays it on a local LCD screen. This design eliminates the need for continuous manual testing and provides immediate, on-site access to water quality information. The device is enclosed in a waterproof housing and powered by a solar-rechargeable battery, ensuring its suitability for rural and remote aquaculture environments with limited infrastructure. Unlike many existing solutions that rely on internet connectivity for cloud-based dashboards and remote notifications, this system operates entirely offline. It is particularly beneficial for small- and medium-scale fish farmers who require affordable, standalone monitoring tools. The system enables timely intervention when parameters deviate from acceptable levels, improving fish health and farm efficiency. This work contributes a practical and scalable solution to water quality management in aquaculture and lays a foundation for future enhancements such as data logging and alert systems.
Application of an STL–ARIMA Hybrid Framework for Monthly Rainfall Forecasting in Maiduguri, Nigeria
The problems of climate variability in Sahel regions with severe rainfall anomalies bring serious challenges to the water resource management and mitigation of the flood disasters. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of a hybrid STL-ARIMA model to predict monthly rainfall in Maiduguri, Nigeria, which is a town that was affected by the 2024 floods. The article compares the hybrid, traditional Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing by Holt-Winter to assess previous rainfall data of 1981-2023. The suggested method employs Seasonal-Trend Decomposition by Loess (STL) to single out non-linear and seasonal trends that are too complicated then subjecting the time series to ARIMA modeling. With regards to performance, it can be seen that the STL-ARIMA model is far ahead of the conventional approach with a Root mean square error of 29.54mm, as opposed to 43.94mm and 43.01mm using the SARIMA and Holt-Winter models respectively. The hybrid model minimized the Mean Squared Error (MSE) by nearly 55% and it was more effective in terms of capturing the sharp variance variation and extreme wet-season peaks, which are characteristic of the area. These results provide a strong scientific foundation in enhancing flood early warning systems directly related to SDG 13 (Climate Action) goals in Northeastern Nigeria.
Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Yam Samples in Ibaji Local Government of Kogi State, Nigeria
Organochorine pesticide residues remain a global public health concern due to their presence, bioaccumulation, and long-term toxicity in food chain. This study evaluates the human health risks associated with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues detected in yam (Dioscorea spp.) samples collected from selected agricultural sites over two consecutive years. Residue extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, and quantification was achieved through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The targeted OCPs included alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, endosulfan sulfate, and gamma-chlordane. Concentrations were assessed against international regulatory standards and acceptable daily daily intake (ADI) thresholds. Results revealed vary levels of contamination, with some residues, particularly Aldrin and heptachlor epoxide, exceeding permissible risk level. Estimated cancer risk (CR) values for both adults and children indicated significant potential for chronic health impacts, especially due to Aldrin (CR-Children: 3.64 × 10⁻³ – 5.12 × 10⁻⁴; CR-adult: 1.01 × 10⁻³ – 1.43 × 10⁻⁴) and heptachlor epoxide (CR-Children: 9.95 × 10⁻⁴ – 3.66 × 10⁻⁴; CR-adult: 2.77 × 10⁻⁴ – 1.02 × 10⁻⁴). Even at lower concentrations, residues such as p,p'-DDT and gamma-BHC contributed to the cumulative risks burden. The findings highlight the urgent need for continuous environmental monitoring of pesticides residues in food crops. Strengthening regulatory enforcement and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are critical steps toward minimizing long-term dietary exposure and safeguarding public health.
Advanced Environmental Biotechnology for Pollution Control and Sustainable Development: A Review
Environmental biotechnology has emerged as a critical tool for addressing the growing challenges of environmental degradation and pollution. This review is aimed to explore the advances in environmental biotechnology at effective pollution control, highlighting sustainable and eco-friendly approaches to mitigate environmental contaminants. Emphasis is placed on the role of biotechnological processes in wastewater treatment, which utilize microbial consortia and engineered biological systems to degrade organic pollutants and remove heavy metals. Recycling and bio-waste conversion technologies are also discussed, showcasing how agricultural, municipal, and industrial waste can be transformed into value-added products such as biofertilizers, bioplastics, and bioenergy. The review delves into the various application areas of environmental biotechnology, including soil restoration, air pollution mitigation, and water purification. Bioremediation one of the cornerstone technologies is examined in detail, focusing on its mechanisms, microbial agents, and real-world applications in detoxifying hazardous environments. Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy technologies, such as biofuel production from biomass, highlights the synergy between waste management and clean energy generation. These developments underscore a paradigm shift towards sustainable environmental management, where biotechnology not only aids in pollution reduction but also promotes circular resource utilization. The review concludes by identifying challenges and opportunities for advancing the field, calling for interdisciplinary innovation to realize its full environmental and socio-economic potential.
Biotechnology, Bioremediation, Renewable energy, Pollution, Degradation
Sensory Evaluation and Shelflife of Smoke-Cured Clarias Gariepinus Preserved with Different Sources of Fuel Energy
The impact of three smoking media (firewood, charcoal, and sawdust) on the sensory qualities and nutritional composition, lipid oxidation products, and microbial quality of smoked Clarias gariepinus during 28 days storage at room temperature was investigated in this study. Fish samples were tested on Days 0, 7, 14, 21 and at day 28. According to the sensory analysis of results, at Day 0 all samples were very well accepted were taste (8.03-8.58), aroma (8.23–8.45), texture (8.43–9) and color (7.83­-9). However, scores decreased over time (p < 0.05) to 1.09–1.82 on Day 28. The firewood-smoked fish had the best sensory scores throughout storage (taste: 5.00). Proximate composition indicated a gradual decline in crude protein from Day 0 to Day 28. Firewood-smoked fish decreased from 44.71% to 19.92%, charcoal from 39.42% to 16.03%, and sawdust from 37.54% to 10.02%. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) increased steadily, with sawdust attaining the highest value (10.74 mg MDA/kg) at Day 28, compared to charcoal (10.56 mg MDA/kg) and firewood (10.10 mg MDA/kg). Microbial analysis showed substantial bacterial and fungal loads from the start, ranging between 2.8×10⁶–9.1×10⁶ CFU/ml for bacteria and 1.7×10⁶–6.1×10⁶ CFU/ml for fungi on Day 0. Microbial counts rose consistently during storage, with sawdust-smoked samples recording the highest loads (>10⁷ CFU/ml by Day 28), while firewood-treated samples showed comparatively lower microbial growth. Overall, firewood emerged as the most effective smoking medium, producing fish with superior sensory quality, higher protein retention, lower lipid oxidation, and better microbial stability. The study demonstrates that smoking medium significantly influences both the shelf life and safety of smoked catfish, underscoring the need for improved smoking technologies and post-processing hygiene to minimize spoilage and enhance product quality.
Assessment of Petroleum Source Rocks of Yola Basin, North-Eastern Nigeria: From the Viewpoint of Bulk Geochemistry and Organic Petrography
The Yola Basin is a hydrocarbon exploration frontier basin in Nigeria where to date; minimal subsurface data is available for adequate assessment of its petroleum source rocks. The Bima Formation is the oldest lithogenetic unit in the basin followed by Yolde, Dukul, Jessu, Sekuliye formations, Numanha Shales and Lamja Formation. Source rock geochemical characterisation was conducted on the Cretaceous sequences of Yola Basin with the aim to determine the organic matter type, richness, thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation potential. The organic matters within the shales of Bima Formation have reached peak oil window to high thermal maturity stage of oil generation. They possess fair source generative potential based on the present-day kerogen Types I, Type III and Type IV, showing minor oil and major gas prospect. The shales of Yolde, Dukul, Jessu, Sekuliye formations and Numanha Shales have reached peak-oil window to mature stage of oil generation and possess fair source rock generative potential based on their present-day kerogens Type II-III, Type III and Type IV and are likely to generate mainly gas although, minor oil could be expected owing to the presence of small amount of Type II kerogens. The Lamja Formation shales and coals are at early to peak oil generation window and possess poor to very good source generative potential based on the present-day Type III and Type II-III kerogens, expected to generate major gas and liquid components of hydrocarbons. The high thermal maturity has effect on the original nature of the organic matter and any oil-prone organic matter if present would have been cracked into thermogenic gas probably due to the intense thermal event attributed by the Tertiary volcanic intrusion known to be present in the basin.
An Intelligent Hybrid Learning Framework Integrating ANFIS, Genetic Algorithms, and Reinforcement Learning for Traffic Signal Control
Rapid urbanization and increasing vehicular demand have intensified traffic congestion, exposing the limitations of conventional static traffic signal control systems. This study proposes a novel hybrid intelligent traffic control framework that integrates an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Genetic Algorithm, and Reinforcement Learning (ANFIS–GA–RL) to achieve real-time adaptive signal optimization. The proposed approach uniquely combines interpretable fuzzy reasoning for managing uncertainty, genetic algorithms for global parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning for closed-loop, real-time decision-making, distinguishing it from existing standalone and partially hybrid methods. Performance is evaluated in a MATLAB-based urban traffic simulation using eight performance indicators, travel time, average vehicle speed, throughput, traffic density, queue length, delay time, intersection delay, and computational time. Comparative results against conventional Fuzzy Logic, standalone Genetic Algorithm, Artificial Neural Network, ANFIS, and ANFIS–GA controllers demonstrate consistent and measurable performance gains. Relative to the baseline fuzzy logic controller, the proposed ANFIS–GA–RL model achieves an overall improvement of 64.9%, characterized by substantial reductions in travel time delay, intersection delay, and computational overhead, alongside enhanced throughput and traffic flow stability. These findings confirm the robustness, scalability, and real-time applicability of the proposed framework for intelligent urban traffic signal control, with future work focusing on IoT-enabled deployment and field validation.
Adaptive Portfolio Optimization using Deep Reinforcement Learning and Generative Models
Cryptocurrency financial markets are characterized by high volatility and non-stationary price dynamics, posing significant challenges to traditional portfolio optimization techniques that rely on static risk–return assumptions. In such environments, existing methods often struggle to generalize and adapt effectively, leading to suboptimal performance and increased downside risk. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel adaptive portfolio optimization framework that integrates Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for synthetic data augmentation with a state-of-the-art Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent. By augmenting real historical OHLC data with realistic TimeGAN-generated price sequences, the proposed approach exposes the DRL agent to a broader range of market scenarios, thereby improving generalization and mitigating overfitting. A convolutional neural network (CNN) feature extractor captures deep temporal dependencies, while causal and dilated convolutions model complex inter-asset correlations. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed GAN–SAC hybrid consistently outperforms conventional strategies and the baseline Deep Portfolio Optimization (DPO) model, achieving a higher Accumulative Portfolio Value (APV) of 53.72, an improved Sharpe Ratio of 0.0980, and a reduced Maximum Drawdown (MDD) of 28.5%. These findings confirm the effectiveness of combining generative models and DRL to develop robust, adaptive portfolio strategies capable of navigating highly volatile cryptocurrency markets, with practical implications for next-generation algorithmic trading systems requiring enhanced resilience and dynamic risk control.
A Density Functional Theory Study on Effect of Cations and Anions Co-Alloyed Cu2ZnSnS4 Kieserite on Structural and Formation energy as possible Photovoltaic Material
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has the potential to be applied as an earth-relatively abundant and non-toxic material in thin-film solar cells, based on its suitable electrical and optical properties. However, many challenges have prevented the achievable efficiencies from exceeding 12.6%, which is well below desirable efficiencies compared to other competing solar cell technologies. One of the problems with the development of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells is the number of defects leading to severe potential fluctuations. This research work investigates the effect of alloying CZTS with Silver (Ag) (Cation) and Selenium (Se) (Anion) theoretically using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The optimized lattice parameters were found to increase from 5.26 to 5.85 and 10.60 to 12.32 respectively due to the introduction of Ag and Se. The volume of the crystal unit cell increased from 162.747 3 to 219.472 3 respectively. The formation energy was found to be reduced from 0.663eV to 0.476eV. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the alloyed Ag2ZnSnSe4 compound has a low-range energy structure and its stable within a low temperature range. This result is expected to enhance the properties of kesterite due to the alloying.
Isolation and Characterization of Flavonol-rich Fractions of Jatropha curcus and Evaluation of their in vivo Wound-healing Potential
Jatropha curcus (J. curcus) (Euphorbiaceae) is a drought resistant shrub whose leaves, latex, bark, and seed cake employed in traditional medicine to treat cuts, burns, and chronic ulcer. This study reports the isolation and structural characterization of bioactive compound(s) from the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas. Methanolic extraction of air-dried leaves was followed by silica gel column chromatography with gradient elution (hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol). Fractions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), pooled according to similar Rf values, and crystallized to yield isolates. Purified compounds were characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, 1H/13C NMR and LC-MS. One major yellow crystalline compound (designated TBF-19) was obtained (210.0 mg), and HRMS gave an [M]+ at m/z 198.0917 consistent with C13H11NO; the data supported the proposed structure (2-aminobenzophone as recorded in the primary notes). Wound-healing studies employed excision models in albino rats with three treatment groups (petroleum jelly, povidone iodine, and TBF-19 obtained from Jatropha Curcas). Tissue analyses included hydroxyproline and total protein assays to assess collagen deposition and tissue regeneration. The isolation workflow and spectroscopic evidence indicate that flavonoid- and phenolic-type constituents are major components responsible for the antioxidant and wound-healing properties observed in crude extracts. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal use of J. curcas and provide a basis for further bioassay-guided fractionation and detailed structure elucidation using 2D-NMR and high-resolution MS techniques.
Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Underground Water (Well Water) in Ijora - Badia Area of Lagos- State, Southwestern-Nigeria
This study presents reports on the Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters of Undergroundwater (wellwater) in Ijora - Badia Area of Lagos- State, Southwestern- Nigeria. Ten wellwater samples were randomly collected from ten locations, four times per month, between August 2024 and January 2025. Samples were obtained with pre-washed, labelled plastic bottles, digested, and analyzed using standard procedures to measure physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity, alkalinity, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Results of Physicochemical parameters shows: pH (5.44 -7.05), temperature (29.3 - 29.8°C), EC (1417.5 - 2312.5 μS/cm), acidity (35.0 - 202.7 mg CaCO3/L), alkalinity (103.5 - 384.7 mg CaCO3/L), turbidity (7.8 - 337.5 NTU), TSS (30.5 -51.5 mg/L), and TDS (0.799 - 2.4123 mg/L). Principal Component Analysis identified three factors -PC1, PC2, and PC3 - which accounted for 70.25% of the total variance indicating predominantly anthropogenic sources from industrial, municipal, and domestic waste, dissolved and suspended solids, industrial effluents, and surface runoff, contributing to salinity and mineral-related pollution, thermal pollution, mineral dissolution, chemical weathering and natural geochemical processes. Correlation analyses (p > 0.5) further supports the high pollution levels. Physicochemical parameters varied significantly, except temperature.The physicochemical parameters values exceeded Nigeria Industrial Standards (NIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits, indicating that groundwater in the area is significantly polluted and unsuitable for domestic use.
A Deep Convolutional Neural Network and SDN-based Closed-Loop System for Real-Time Network Attack Detection and Mitigation
The increasing sophistication of cyber threats demands more intelligent and adaptive network defenses than traditional architectures can provide. This research bridges this gap by designing and implementing an integrated system that leverages a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) for real-time traffic classification within a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) control loop, enabling automated threat mitigation. Evaluated in an emulated environment, the system demonstrated a perfect 100% detection rate with zero false positives against a range of common attacks while introducing minimal operational overhead, with only a 3.1% throughput reduction. Crucially, it preserved legitimate throughput by a factor of 4.2x during attacks, proving the viability of a closed-loop, DCNN-SDN framework for achieving robust, self-defending network security without compromising performance.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN)
Development of a Past Questions Repository System
Limited access to past examination question papers and the slow response time of existing question paper repositories have contributed significantly to poor academic preparation, leading to increased course failure rates among university students. Many traditional repositories suffer from inefficient search mechanisms, delayed retrieval, and restricted availability, making it difficult for students to obtain relevant past questions when needed. This paper presents the implementation of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) within an electronic repository of past examination question papers in a university setting to address these challenges. The repository represents a significant advancement in academic resource management by providing a streamlined, user-friendly, and highly accessible platform for students and staff. Through an intuitive interface and efficient search tools, users can easily navigate extensive collections of question papers spanning multiple disciplines, courses, and semesters. The integration of ANN technology enhances accessibility and system performance by reducing search time by up to 5 ms through automated classification of student queries, thereby minimizing delays associated with complex database operations. The system also incorporates security measures to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of stored question papers while promoting environmental sustainability by reducing reliance on printed materials.
Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Paleoenvironment of Ovia-1 Well, Northern Depobelt of Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
The Ovia-1 well located in the Northern Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin was investigated based on Gamma Ray log, Lithostratigraphy, foraminifera and nanno fossil biostratigraphy. This is aimed to determine biostratigraphic distribution, age and paleodepositional environment of the studied intervals. Based on the foraminfera, the marker species identified are Quinqueloculina microcostata, Amphistegina lessonii, Heterostegina sp, Lenticulina inornata, ex gr. costiferum, Heterolepa pseudoungeriana, Hanzawaia stratoni, Spirosigmoilina oligocaenica, and Cibicorbis inflata. Twelve (12) biozones identified are N15 – N14 (middle Miocene middle Miocene 12.26 – 13.12Ma), ( N13 – N12/N11 middle Miocene 13.12 – 13.68Ma ) N9 – N10/N11 middle Miocene 14.20 – 15.6Ma) ( N4 - P22 early Miocene 20.94 –23.2Ma ) ( P17-P18 early Oligocene 33.0 – 36.50Ma ) ( P14 middle Eocene 36.50 – 43.2Ma ) P12 middle Eocene 41.0 – 43.2Ma ) ( P4 late Paleocene 56.8 – 57.3Ma) ( P1 – M18 early Paleocene 64.6 – 65.0Ma respectively ). The paleoecological interpretation, based on the identified plantic foraminiferal species, indicates Inner Neritic to Outer Neritic zones. Lithostratigraphic criteria including Gamma Ray log responses and sand/shale ratios supported by paleobathymetric data indicate that the Ovia-1 have well, have two broad lithofacies units -the Marine Paralic and the Marine Units, which are ascribed to the Agbada Formation, Lithological analysis revealed alternating layers of shale, and sand, reflecting different paleoenvironmental conditions during deposition. The age of the well was established as Middle to Late Miocene, based on the bioevents of key marker species. Additionally, the limited presence of calcareous benthic and planktonic foraminifera supports the interpretation of a shallow marine depositional setting.
Assessment of Environmental Control Policy Elements’ Somersaults in Ilupeju - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Environmental policy elements are crucial for safeguarding natural resources, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable development in Nigeria, particularly in Ilupeju Ekiti, Ekiti State. Despite national frameworks like the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act and state-level statutes, environmental degradation persists. A study assessed the existing Environmental Control Policy Elements (ECPE), implementation extent, strategies, and factors influencing ECPE in the area. Researchers surveyed 124 stakeholders, including farmers, traders, artisans, teachers, commercial drivers, and students, using simple random sampling. Results showed that respondents, mostly females (50.8%) with tertiary education (57.5%), were aware of ECPE guiding environmental use (83.3%) and enacted laws (71.7%). However, 73.3% rated implementation strategies as ineffective, and 99.2% were unaware of specific government strategies. Political factors (70.8%) were major contributors to ECPE somersaults, with negative impacts on waste management (65.0%) and overall environmental quality. Logit regression analysis revealed that age (-4.09), educational status (0.000), and awareness of policy enforcement agencies (0.256) influenced ECPE implementation. The study confirms robust ECPE existence but highlights ineffective implementation and enforcement. The study concludes that prohibition laws are a step in the right direction, and recommends government support for enforcement agencies to ensure effective compliance monitoring and ECPE implementation.
Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Policy Elements in Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
The implementation of effective Climate Change Mitigation Policies (CCMPs) is vital for protecting local communities from the adverse effects of climate variability. However, in rural settings like Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, the enforcement of CCMPs is often lacking, and institutional coordination is inadequate to meet national climate objectives. This study assessed the Climate Change Mitigation Policy Elements (CCMPE) in Oye-Ekiti, identifying existing policies, awareness levels, and challenges to implementation. A simple random sampling method selected 120 stakeholders in environmental use, including farmers, artisans, traders, and forestry staff. Data were collected through secondary sources and a structured questionnaire, analyzing existing CCMPE, awareness of climate change, effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, stakeholder participation, and enforcement levels. The findings indicate that respondents were aware of climate change (68.3%) but lacked understanding of greenhouse gases (71.7%). About 32.5% were unsure of CCMPE effectiveness in reducing emissions. Many were unaware of government programs (53.3%) and enforcement agents (56.7%), with only 43.3% occasionally involved in policy implementation. Identified CCMPE included tree planting and efficient waste management. Educational status, communication methods, government program awareness, and presence of enforcement agents significantly influenced stakeholders' participation. The study concludes that CCMPs are not yielding desired results due to low awareness and lack of strict measures for effective implementation. The government must address these gaps to achieve desired results, including increasing awareness, improving enforcement, and ensuring stakeholder participation.
Eco-Aesthetics and Sustainable Urban Spaces: The Role of Public Art in Enhancing Environmental Consciousness in Nigerian Cities
This study examines the role of eco-aesthetics in promoting sustainable urban spaces through the integration of public art within Nigerian cities. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from a quantitative survey (N = 200) and qualitative interviews (n = 30) to investigate how eco-art influences environmental awareness, social engagement, and aesthetic appreciation. Quantitative findings revealed strong positive perceptions of eco-art in enhancing public consciousness about environmental issues, fostering community participation, and reinforcing cultural identity within urban settings. Complementary qualitative insights highlighted that public artworks served as visual reminders of ecological responsibility, platforms for collective dialogue, and catalysts for local pride. Participants emphasized the ability of eco-art installations to merge functionality with creativity, thereby contributing to the beautification of urban spaces while encouraging pro-environmental attitudes. City-level analyses underscored how variations in socio-economic conditions and urban planning policies shaped the perceived impact of eco-art. The study concludes that eco-aesthetic practices hold significant potential for advancing sustainable urban development in Nigeria, provided they are strategically integrated into planning frameworks. These findings contribute to growing discourse on art, sustainability, and urban transformation, offering both theoretical and practical implications for policymakers, urban planners, and artists
Chemical Speciation, Bioavailability and Multi-Index Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Dumpsite-Affected Farmland Soils of Anyigba, Nigeria
This study assessed the physicochemical properties, chemical speciation, and ecological risk of heavy metals in farmland soils near municipal dumpsites in Anyigba, Nigeria. The soils were slightly acidic (pH 5.2–6.4), with moderate organic matter (1.82–2.65%) and cation exchange capacity (7.4–12.3 cmol/kg), while electrical conductivity was low (92–148 µS/cm), indicating non-saline conditions that promote metal mobility. Heavy metals occurred in the ranges: Cd (4.60–5.91 mg/kg), Cu (5.81–12.44 mg/kg), Ni (11.70–18.92 mg/kg), Cr (4.93–8.17 mg/kg), and Pb (3.99–6.25 mg/kg). Speciation analysis showed Cd concentrated in exchangeable and carbonate fractions (45–58%), reflecting high mobility; Cu was mainly bound to organic matter (40–52%); Ni dominated reducible fractions (35–48%); Cr occurred in the residual fraction (55–68%); and Pb partitioned into carbonate and reducible fractions (30–45%). Contamination factors (CF) indicated very high Cd contamination (6.0–7.5), moderate Ni (2.0–3.0), Cu (1.2–2.1), and Pb (1.1–1.8), and low Cr (0.8–1.4). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) ranged 1.2–2.0, confirming overall deterioration, while the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) of 2.4–3.1 signaled considerable pollution risk. Ecological Risk Index (ERI) values highlighted Cd as the major contributor (60–70% of total risk), with individual ERI of 180–220, categorizing it as a “considerable ecological risk.” In contrast, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb presented low to moderate risks (ERI < 40). Integration of soil properties with speciation data indicated that acidic pH and relatively low organic matter enhanced Cd solubility and bioavailability, whereas organic complexation stabilized Cu. These results demonstrate that ecological assessments must consider both total concentrations and chemical forms of metals. Recommended interventions include phytoremediation, soil organic amendments, and stricter waste management to mitigate contamination and ensure sustainable agriculture in Anyigba.
Assessment of Aflatoxins Content in Cow Feeds and Milk in some Cattle Farms in Katsina State, Nigeria
Aflatoxins, potent mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, pose a significant risk to animal and human health. Contamination of dairy feed with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) leads to the secretion of its carcinogenic metabolite, Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), into milk. This study assessed the prevalence and levels of aflatoxin contamination in cow feed and milk from selected cattle farms in Katsina State, Nigeria, and evaluated the associated human health risks. Twenty samples of cow feed and milk were collected from ten locations across Katsina State. The physicochemical parameters (crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat) of the samples were determined using standard methods. Aflatoxin B1 in feed and Aflatoxin M1 in milk were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Health risks were assessed by calculating the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), and Cancer Risk (CR). All feed samples (100%) were contaminated with AFB1 at concentrations ranging from 25.31 to 74.44 µg/kg, with a mean of 52.65 µg/kg, vastly exceeding the FAO/Nigeria regulatory limit of 20 µg/kg. Consequently, 100% of the milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, with levels ranging from 5.86 to 90.28 µg/L. These values exceeded the stringent European Union safety limit (0.05 µg/L) by a factor of 117 to 1,806. The nutritional quality of both feed and milk was generally poor. Health risk assessment revealed alarmingly low MOE values (as low as 26.28) and significant cancer risks, particularly for individuals positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (up to 0.9930 cases per 100,000 per year). The dairy production system in the studied region is severely compromised. The universal and extreme contamination of milk with AFM1 represents an acute public health crisis, necessitating immediate interventions including farmer education, improved feed storage, and stringent milk monitoring.
Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Phyllanthus niruri Leaves: Implications for Ethnomedicinal Use
The global resurgence of interest in plant-based therapeutics has intensified scientific efforts toward the identification and validation of medicinal plants as sustainable sources of bioactive compounds. Consequently, a thorough biochemical characterization of such traditional plants is essential to support drug discovery and development. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and proximate profile of the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), a plant widely recognized in traditional medicine for the management of ailments such as hepatitis, urolithiasis, and diabetes. Fresh P. niruri leaves were extracted using 100% ethanol, and standard analytical procedures were employed for phytochemical and proximate analyses. The phytochemical screening indicated a rich presence of key secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and phlobatannins, whereas steroids and quinones were absent. Proximate analysis revealed a high moisture content (39.33 ± 0.48%) and appreciable levels of carbohydrates (31.47 ± 0.58%) and crude fibre (15.26 ± 0.37%), alongside moderate quantities of crude fat (6.60 ± 0.57%), total ash (8.60 ± 0.28%), and crude protein (2.35 ± 0.17%). The abundance of polyphenolic compounds (phenols, tannins, flavonoids) and alkaloids suggests a biochemical basis for the plant’s reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Additionally, its considerable fibre and carbohydrate contents indicate potential value as a dietary supplement. Overall, these findings substantiate the ethnopharmacological relevance of P. niruri, reinforcing its potential as a nutraceutical resource and promising candidate for future drug development.
Effect of a Spring-Bocked Membrane on a Falling Film over a Slippery Tilted Plane
This research work investigates the influence of a spring-blocked membrane on a perturbed gravity-driven viscous fluid flow down a slippery inclined plane. The spring-bocked membrane on a falling film flow over a slippery plane can affect the flow dynamics and stability of the film. The instability of such a flow can be controlled either by modifying the behavior of the lower wall, altering the surface waves at the free surface using structures, or both, as done here by incorporating a spring-backed membrane at the top of the liquid layer and a slippery substrate. A linear stability analysis is performed utilizing the normal mode approach, with the free surface modified by a spring-blocked membrane and the lower boundary modeled as a slippery substrate. The associated Orr-Sommerfeld system is solved numerically using the spectral collocation method. The results reveal that velocity slip at the lower wall has a non-trivial impact on flow stability: it destabilizes at the onset of instability, then stabilizes at higher Reynolds numbers. Membrane tension is modeled as a stress jump at the free surface, and the mass of the membrane is also taken into account. The findings demonstrate that increasing the dimensionless spring-blocked membrane tension <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>T</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.5pt; height:12.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> reduces the growth rate of the most unstable mode, thereby enhancing flow stability. Thus, combination of a spring-blocked membrane at the free surface and a slippery base exerts a significant passive control on flow stability. The study provides an insight into how such configurations can be utilized to either suppress or amplify interfacial instabilities in gravity-driven flows.
Numerical Solution of Fractional order Hepatitis B Model Via the Generalized Fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Approach
In this paper we examine the epidemiological properties of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection based on the equation of a fractional-order mathematical model based on the Caputo derivative. The model uses interventions such as treatment and vaccination as control measures to examine the effect that they have on disease dynamics. We define the presence and uniqueness of solutions in the framework of the fractional order and test the stability of the endemic equilibrium point based on the theory of Lyapunov functions. The model is numerically solved with the help of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method to indicate changes in the model parameters and their respective fractional orders into how each one of the above parameters affects the progress of the disease. The use of simulation shows that higher treatment and vaccination rates decreases the prevalence of Hepatitis B and shows the high level of flexibility and realism of the fractional-order models in contrast to the classical integer order equations. In the paper, the importance of fractional modeling in the representation of the effects of memory and nonlocal interaction among the biological systems is highlighted, which enhances the understanding and control of infectious diseases. The model however assumes that the population is homogeneous mixed, and hypothetical values of the parameters thus restrains empirical validation. To make the model more predictive and relevant in practical use in formulating effective control measures on Hepatitis B, future studies need to include spatial heterogeneity, stochastic effects.
Numerical Solution of Fractional Order Chlamydia Model Via the Generalized Fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Approach
In the present paper we offer the epidemiological parameters of the Chlamydia infection and discuss its dynamics with the help of a fractional-order mathematical model and estimating the role of contact and vaccination rates in the development of interaction with this disease. The conditions of existence and uniqueness of solutions of the problem in the environment of a fractional order were determined. Numerical simulations are carried out to show how the model parameters and fractional-order influence the disease control and their propagation property through the use of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method. Additional simulations show that a rise in contact rates and a subsequent reduction of the efficacy of vaccination are the involved factors that contribute to the increase of the prevalence of the Chlamydia. The findings indicate that a preventive strategy to reduce transmission of the infection is a verified method of valuing the low level of the infection transmission over the population
Investigation of Earth Tremor Occurrences in Nigeria Using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Data and Aeromagnetic Data
Earth tremors, though often low in magnitude, represent critical indicators of crustal instability and potential seismic hazards. Nigeria, traditionally considered a region of low seismic risk, has recorded recur3rent tremor events across the northcentral and southwestern regions, raising questions about the tectonic and geodynamic processes driving these disturbances. Thisa study integrates Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data with aeromagnetic datasets to investigate the relationship between surface lineaments, subsurface structures, and tremor occurrences in these regions. SRTM analysis reveals that most tremor epicenters occur near elevated terrains, where topographic loading and structural complexity enhance seismic susceptibility. Aeromagnetic interpretations using tilt derivative techniques delineate major and minor fault systems, showing that tremors in Abuja and Kwoi align with a major NE–SW fault system linked to the offshore Romanche fracture zone, while those in the southwest are associated with intersecting NE- and NW-trending fractures. Curie Point Depth (CPD) estimates further highlight lithospheric thinning in the northcentral region (1.6–13 km), likely influenced by plume dynamics associated with the St. Helena hotspot, in contrast to deeper CPD values (7.2–13 km) in the southwest, reflecting far-field plate stresses. The results demonstrate that Nigeria’s seismicity is driven by a combination of plume-related magmatism, lithospheric weakness, and far-field tectonic forces. These findings provide a preliminary geophysical framework for understanding tremor genesis in intraplate settings and underscore the need for improved seismic monitoring and hazard preparedness in Nigeria.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with Immersion Time Variation of Working Electrode on Quantum Dot: A Performance Optimization Study
The growing demand for renewable and sustainable energy has spurred interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as cost-effective alternatives to conventional silicon solar cells. However, their performance is often limited by narrow spectral absorption and dye instability. This study investigates the optimization of DSSC performance by incorporating lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) and natural hibiscus dye as a hybrid photo-sensitizer. QD-DSSC devices were fabricated using TiO₂-coated electrodes sensitized with hibiscus dye and 0.05 M PbS quantum dots at varying immersion times (6 h, 12 h, 24 h). The I–V characterization revealed that immersion time critically influenced device performance. The highest efficiency of 3.19 % was achieved at 12 hours of immersion, corresponding to the optimal balance of dye loading and PbS layer formation. The associated photovoltaic parameters were Isc = 7.965 mA, Voc = 0.72 V, and FF = 0.557, indicating improved electron transport and reduced recombination. In contrast, 6 h and 24 h immersion times yielded lower efficiencies of 2.01 % and 0.754 %, respectively, due to insufficient or excessive sensitizer deposition leading to poor charge mobility or increased recombination. Electrical performance analysis using a solar simulator and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that 12-hour immersion provided optimal interfacial charge transfer and minimized resistance. The study demonstrates that integrating PbS QDs with natural dyes broadens spectral absorption and enhances DSSC efficiency, with 12 hours identified as the optimal immersion duration for sensitizer application.
Integrated Phytochemical and Hematological Assessment of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Justicia carnea in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Diabetes mellitus, a multifactorial metabolic disorder, is often associated with hematological and oxidative alterations that contribute to disease complications. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biochemical effects of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Justicia carnea on hematological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Thirty-six (36) male albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), except in the normal control group. The diabetic control group received no treatment, while the reference group received metformin (50 mg/kg). Test groups were orally administered Justicia carnea hydroethanolic extract at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Acute toxicity was assessed using Lorke’s method. At the end of the experiment, fasting blood glucose levels were measured, and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for hematological analysis. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, indicating significant bioactive potential. Proximate analysis showed high carbohydrate (50.91 %) and moisture (21.11 %) content, with lower levels of crude fat (0.25 %) and protein (1.25 %). Treatment with Justicia carnea extract produced a dose-dependent improvement in hematological indices, including red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and white blood cells, compared with diabetic controls. These effects suggest a restorative influence on hematopoietic function, potentially mediated by phytochemical constituents with antioxidant or cytoprotective activity. These findings suggest that Justicia carnea may possess hematoprotective and restorative properties beneficial in the management of diabetes-induced hematological alterations.