The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) is the official scientific publication of the ERDEL Scientific Research Group (ESRG), Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Publishing Schedule The Journal of Science Research and Reviews (JOSRAR) shall publish issues bimonthly. Covering January-February, March-April, May-June, July-August, September-October & November-December Issues. Indexing: Crossref, Google Scholar, Researchgate, etc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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Assessment of Aflatoxins Content in Cow Feeds and Milk in some Cattle Farms in Katsina State, Nigeria
Aflatoxins, potent mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, pose a significant risk to animal and human health. Contamination of dairy feed with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) leads to the secretion of its carcinogenic metabolite, Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), into milk. This study assessed the prevalence and levels of aflatoxin contamination in cow feed and milk from selected cattle farms in Katsina State, Nigeria, and evaluated the associated human health risks. Twenty samples of cow feed and milk were collected from ten locations across Katsina State. The physicochemical parameters (crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat) of the samples were determined using standard methods. Aflatoxin B1 in feed and Aflatoxin M1 in milk were quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Health risks were assessed by calculating the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), and Cancer Risk (CR). All feed samples (100%) were contaminated with AFB1 at concentrations ranging from 25.31 to 74.44 µg/kg, with a mean of 52.65 µg/kg, vastly exceeding the FAO/Nigeria regulatory limit of 20 µg/kg. Consequently, 100% of the milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, with levels ranging from 5.86 to 90.28 µg/L. These values exceeded the stringent European Union safety limit (0.05 µg/L) by a factor of 117 to 1,806. The nutritional quality of both feed and milk was generally poor. Health risk assessment revealed alarmingly low MOE values (as low as 26.28) and significant cancer risks, particularly for individuals positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (up to 0.9930 cases per 100,000 per year). The dairy production system in the studied region is severely compromised. The universal and extreme contamination of milk with AFM1 represents an acute public health crisis, necessitating immediate interventions including farmer education, improved feed storage, and stringent milk monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Phyllanthus niruri Leaves: Implications for Ethnomedicinal Use
The global resurgence of interest in plant-based therapeutics has intensified scientific efforts toward the identification and validation of medicinal plants as sustainable sources of bioactive compounds. Consequently, a thorough biochemical characterization of such traditional plants is essential to support drug discovery and development. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and proximate profile of the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri), a plant widely recognized in traditional medicine for the management of ailments such as hepatitis, urolithiasis, and diabetes. Fresh P. niruri leaves were extracted using 100% ethanol, and standard analytical procedures were employed for phytochemical and proximate analyses. The phytochemical screening indicated a rich presence of key secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and phlobatannins, whereas steroids and quinones were absent. Proximate analysis revealed a high moisture content (39.33 ± 0.48%) and appreciable levels of carbohydrates (31.47 ± 0.58%) and crude fibre (15.26 ± 0.37%), alongside moderate quantities of crude fat (6.60 ± 0.57%), total ash (8.60 ± 0.28%), and crude protein (2.35 ± 0.17%). The abundance of polyphenolic compounds (phenols, tannins, flavonoids) and alkaloids suggests a biochemical basis for the plant’s reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Additionally, its considerable fibre and carbohydrate contents indicate potential value as a dietary supplement. Overall, these findings substantiate the ethnopharmacological relevance of P. niruri, reinforcing its potential as a nutraceutical resource and promising candidate for future drug development.
Effect of a Spring-Bocked Membrane on a Falling Film over a Slippery Tilted Plane
This research work investigates the influence of a spring-blocked membrane on a perturbed gravity-driven viscous fluid flow down a slippery inclined plane. The spring-bocked membrane on a falling film flow over a slippery plane can affect the flow dynamics and stability of the film. The instability of such a flow can be controlled either by modifying the behavior of the lower wall, altering the surface waves at the free surface using structures, or both, as done here by incorporating a spring-backed membrane at the top of the liquid layer and a slippery substrate. A linear stability analysis is performed utilizing the normal mode approach, with the free surface modified by a spring-blocked membrane and the lower boundary modeled as a slippery substrate. The associated Orr-Sommerfeld system is solved numerically using the spectral collocation method. The results reveal that velocity slip at the lower wall has a non-trivial impact on flow stability: it destabilizes at the onset of instability, then stabilizes at higher Reynolds numbers. Membrane tension is modeled as a stress jump at the free surface, and the mass of the membrane is also taken into account. The findings demonstrate that increasing the dimensionless spring-blocked membrane tension <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>T</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.5pt; height:12.5pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> reduces the growth rate of the most unstable mode, thereby enhancing flow stability. Thus, combination of a spring-blocked membrane at the free surface and a slippery base exerts a significant passive control on flow stability. The study provides an insight into how such configurations can be utilized to either suppress or amplify interfacial instabilities in gravity-driven flows.
Numerical Solution of Fractional order Hepatitis B Model Via the Generalized Fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Approach
In this paper we examine the epidemiological properties of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection based on the equation of a fractional-order mathematical model based on the Caputo derivative. The model uses interventions such as treatment and vaccination as control measures to examine the effect that they have on disease dynamics. We define the presence and uniqueness of solutions in the framework of the fractional order and test the stability of the endemic equilibrium point based on the theory of Lyapunov functions. The model is numerically solved with the help of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method to indicate changes in the model parameters and their respective fractional orders into how each one of the above parameters affects the progress of the disease. The use of simulation shows that higher treatment and vaccination rates decreases the prevalence of Hepatitis B and shows the high level of flexibility and realism of the fractional-order models in contrast to the classical integer order equations. In the paper, the importance of fractional modeling in the representation of the effects of memory and nonlocal interaction among the biological systems is highlighted, which enhances the understanding and control of infectious diseases. The model however assumes that the population is homogeneous mixed, and hypothetical values of the parameters thus restrains empirical validation. To make the model more predictive and relevant in practical use in formulating effective control measures on Hepatitis B, future studies need to include spatial heterogeneity, stochastic effects.
Numerical Solution of Fractional Order Chlamydia Model Via the Generalized Fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton Approach
In the present paper we offer the epidemiological parameters of the Chlamydia infection and discuss its dynamics with the help of a fractional-order mathematical model and estimating the role of contact and vaccination rates in the development of interaction with this disease. The conditions of existence and uniqueness of solutions of the problem in the environment of a fractional order were determined. Numerical simulations are carried out to show how the model parameters and fractional-order influence the disease control and their propagation property through the use of the fractional Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method. Additional simulations show that a rise in contact rates and a subsequent reduction of the efficacy of vaccination are the involved factors that contribute to the increase of the prevalence of the Chlamydia. The findings indicate that a preventive strategy to reduce transmission of the infection is a verified method of valuing the low level of the infection transmission over the population
Investigation of Earth Tremor Occurrences in Nigeria Using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Data and Aeromagnetic Data
Earth tremors, though often low in magnitude, represent critical indicators of crustal instability and potential seismic hazards. Nigeria, traditionally considered a region of low seismic risk, has recorded recur3rent tremor events across the northcentral and southwestern regions, raising questions about the tectonic and geodynamic processes driving these disturbances. Thisa study integrates Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data with aeromagnetic datasets to investigate the relationship between surface lineaments, subsurface structures, and tremor occurrences in these regions. SRTM analysis reveals that most tremor epicenters occur near elevated terrains, where topographic loading and structural complexity enhance seismic susceptibility. Aeromagnetic interpretations using tilt derivative techniques delineate major and minor fault systems, showing that tremors in Abuja and Kwoi align with a major NE–SW fault system linked to the offshore Romanche fracture zone, while those in the southwest are associated with intersecting NE- and NW-trending fractures. Curie Point Depth (CPD) estimates further highlight lithospheric thinning in the northcentral region (1.6–13 km), likely influenced by plume dynamics associated with the St. Helena hotspot, in contrast to deeper CPD values (7.2–13 km) in the southwest, reflecting far-field plate stresses. The results demonstrate that Nigeria’s seismicity is driven by a combination of plume-related magmatism, lithospheric weakness, and far-field tectonic forces. These findings provide a preliminary geophysical framework for understanding tremor genesis in intraplate settings and underscore the need for improved seismic monitoring and hazard preparedness in Nigeria.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with Immersion Time Variation of Working Electrode on Quantum Dot: A Performance Optimization Study
The growing demand for renewable and sustainable energy has spurred interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as cost-effective alternatives to conventional silicon solar cells. However, their performance is often limited by narrow spectral absorption and dye instability. This study investigates the optimization of DSSC performance by incorporating lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) and natural hibiscus dye as a hybrid photo-sensitizer. QD-DSSC devices were fabricated using TiO₂-coated electrodes sensitized with hibiscus dye and 0.05 M PbS quantum dots at varying immersion times (6 h, 12 h, 24 h). The I–V characterization revealed that immersion time critically influenced device performance. The highest efficiency of 3.19 % was achieved at 12 hours of immersion, corresponding to the optimal balance of dye loading and PbS layer formation. The associated photovoltaic parameters were Isc = 7.965 mA, Voc = 0.72 V, and FF = 0.557, indicating improved electron transport and reduced recombination. In contrast, 6 h and 24 h immersion times yielded lower efficiencies of 2.01 % and 0.754 %, respectively, due to insufficient or excessive sensitizer deposition leading to poor charge mobility or increased recombination. Electrical performance analysis using a solar simulator and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that 12-hour immersion provided optimal interfacial charge transfer and minimized resistance. The study demonstrates that integrating PbS QDs with natural dyes broadens spectral absorption and enhances DSSC efficiency, with 12 hours identified as the optimal immersion duration for sensitizer application.
An Assessment of Soil Physicochemical and Trace Metal Profiles around Welding Fabrication Areas of Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
This study assessed the physicochemical and trace metal profiles of soils around from welding fabrication areas in Abraka, Delta state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from a welding (contaminated site) and a control site. Standard laboratory methods (APHA) and (AOAC) were used to analysed soil parameters and metal concentrations, with results compared against World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The welding-affected soils exhibited higher electrical conductivity and organic matter but lower bulk density content compared to the control site, suggesting better water retention in less-disturbed soils. Moisture content was notably higher in the control soil, suggesting better retention in undisturbed soils. Soil temperature, pH, and water holding capacity also varied between sites. Chemical analysis revealed lower calcium in the contaminated soil but higher magnesium and nitrogen, while phosphorous was reduced relative to the control, all within WHO acceptable ranges. Trace metal analysis showed extremely high levels of nickel and cadmium in the welding-affected soils, far above WHO limits. Other metals, including zinc, iron, lead, cobalt, manganese, copper, chromium, and arsenic, were also elevated relative to the control, although some remained within acceptable limits. The study concludes that welding activities substantially degrade soil quality and increase metal contamination, recommending periodic monitoring, safer waste management, and community awareness to mitigate impacts.
Biostratigraphy, Thermal Maturity and Paleoenvironment of the Basal Part of Gombe Formation from Gongola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, North Eastern Nigeria
The basal part of the Gombe Formation in the Gongola sub-basin (Northern Benue Trough) was investigated using integrated lithostratigraphic, palynological and foraminiferal analyses of (13) outcrop samples (GM-1 to GM-13) to establish age and paleoenvironment. The succession is characterized by recurrent coarsening-upward cycles, basal claystone/mudstone grading into interbedded siltstones and fine sandstones and locally capped by medium–coarse sandstones with bioturbated greenish–brown shales (Thalassinoides), localized ironstone development and ferrogenised sands. Palynological assemblages from most samples yield Maastrichtian marker taxa (e.g., Tricolporopollenites sp., Cingulatisporites ornatus, Zlivisporites blanensis, Proteacidites dehaani, Distaverrusporites simplex), while the microfossil record is dominated by arenaceous benthic foraminifera (e.g., Haplophragmoides spp., Miliammina inflata, Trochammina spp., Ammobaculites coprolithiformis, Reophax guineana). Integration of these data indicates a Late Campanian–Maastrichtian age with strong emphasis on the Maastrichtian and a depositional setting interpreted as marginal-marine to shallow inner-neritic influenced by deltaic–estuarine progradation. The abundance of terrestrially derived palynomorphs, freshwater indicators (e.g., Botryococcus) and charred plant fragments, together with the absence of calcareous/planktic foraminifera, point to strong terrestrial input, intermittent freshwater influence and dysoxic bottom conditions. Some samples (GM-2, GM-9, GM-12) show low fossil recovery.
Palynology, Palynofacies and Foraminiferal Analyses of Lower Bima Member, Yola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria: Implication for Age, Paleoenvironment and Thermal Maturity
The Lower Bima Member of the Yola Arm Northern Benue Trough, northeastern Nigeria exposed at Ture-Awak Section, was investigated through integrated lithostratigraphic, palynological, palynofacies, and foraminiferal analyses to establish its age, depositional environment, and thermal maturity. A ~45 m thick succession of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, and shales at the Ture–Awak Road section was logged and interpreted as a prograding fluvial to lacustrine system with repeated fining- and coarsening-upward cycles. Palynological analysis of 21 outcrop samples (M1–M21) yielded a moderately diverse assemblage dominated by terrestrial pollen and spores, with additional occurrences of freshwater algae (Botryococcus braunii), fungal spores, and diatom frustules. The presence of diagnostic taxa, including Cretacaeiporites, Monocolpites marginatus, Araucariacites, Proxaperites operculatus, and Triorites africaensis, supports a Cenomanian age. Palynofacies assemblages are dominated by woody phytoclasts (PM-1, PM-4) with minor amorphous organic matter and algal remains, indicating predominantly gas-prone Type III kerogen with localized oil-prone intervals, while Thermal Alteration Index and spore colour index values suggest variable maturity from immature to peak oil window. Foraminiferal analysis reveals arenaceous benthic taxa (Haplophragmoides, Trochammina, Ammobaculites), which indicate marginal to restricted depositional conditions, and Foraminiferal Colour Index values (~2.0–3.5) correspond to paleotemperatures of 60–110 °C, consistent with early to peak oil generation. Therefore, palynological, palynofacies, and foraminiferal studies demonstrates that the samples were deposited in under humid/arid climate in fluvial–lacustrine depositional systems. The presence of source-prone shales and maturity parameters confirms that the samples are matured enough for hydrocarbon generation.
Physicochemical and Metal Profiles of Soils as Influenced by Crude Oil Contamination in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
An assessment of the physicochemical and metal profiles of soils as affected by crude oil contamination in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria was carried out using five levels of oil treatments ( 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 ml per 2 kg of soil). Soil samples were dried after proper missing at ambient temperature and crushed in a porcelain mortar and sieved through 2mm stainless sieve. The air dried soils were stored in polythene bags for subsequent analysis. Soils physicochemical analysis was done following the methods of the Association of Analytical of Chemist (AOAC, 2010) while the heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that crude oil impacted soil properties variedly significant increases (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in bulk density, total pH, organic carbon, nitrogen while significant reductions were observed for phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, potassium, total porosity, electrical conductivity and hydraulic conductivity. There was however a buildup of trace metals including Cu, N, Ma, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd. The study established that these alternatives can have great implications on plant production, yield and food security impacting human health and environment due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation potentials. The study recommends environmental monitoring and education on a regular basis.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Slaughtered Cattle and Goats in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
Environmental pollution with concomitant contamination of foods of plant and animal origin, particularly by heavy metals, continues to be of great concern in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. These heavy metals—whether naturally occurring or synthetic—are ubiquitous. Humans encounter them via water, air, plants, and animals, as they enter the body through inhalation, contact, and ingestion, ultimately accumulating in various tissues and organs with deleterious health outcomes. This study assessed the blood and tissue levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in cattle and goats slaughtered at the Gwagwalada abattoir, Abuja, Nigeria, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The findings revealed elevated levels of these metals in various tissues, often exceeding FAO/WHO safety limits, indicating potential public health risks. More regular evaluation of meat and meat products for heavy metals should be undertaken and safety limits should be enforced to protect public health.
Radioactivity Concentration in Quarry mining Soil in Pulka, Gwoza LGA, Borno State, Nigeria
Effective monitoring of environmental radioactivity is essential for mitigating radiation-induced health risks such as cancer. In this study, the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured in soil samples collected from seventeen sample points across gwoza local government area. Gamma-ray spectrometry was employed for the analysis conducted at the center for energy research and development, Obafemi Awolowo university Ile-Ife. Osun state. The results, obtained indicate average activity concentrations of approximately 14.01 Bq kg-1 for 238U, 3.19 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and 571.72 Bq kg-1 for 40K, with 40K being the dominant contributor to the overall specific activity. Gamma hazard indices, were derived from the established equations. Furthermore, radiological parameters were evaluated, the Absorbed dose rate (DAbs), Annual Effective Dose (AEDE), Radium equivalent (Raeq), External hazard index (Hex), Internal hazard index (Hin), Gamma activity index (Iγr), and Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Were all determined to assess the radiation hazard of the quarry soil yielding average values of 32.17 nGyh-1, 0.0411 mSv y-1, 62.494 Bq kg-1, 0.168, 0.206, 0.506, and 0.000144 respectively, the current radiological concentration of the soil does not pose an immediate threat to human health or the environment. However, prolonged exposure over a lifetime could result to health risks for both workers and the general public, particularly for those in close proximity to the quarry. These findings underscore the importance of continuous radioactivity monitoring to protect both human health and other components of the locality.
Enantia chlorantha Stem Back Extracts Enhances Haematological Indices in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia and altered blood components owing to physiological imbalances. The present study evaluated the effects of the hydro ethanol (HE) extract of Enantia chlorantha (E. chlorantha) stem bark (ECSB) on hyperglycemia and some haematological parameters in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wister rats. Forty-nine male diabetic Wistar rats (FBS ≥ 200 mg/dL) fed with high fat diet for 28 days, were randomly placed in six groups of seven animals each and seven other non-diabetic high fat-fed rats were placed in Group 1 as normal control. Groups 2 and 3 served as diabetic and reference drug control groups respectively, while Groups 4 - 7 served as test groups. Treatments were orally administered twice daily for 14 days in the following order; Group II (no treatment), Group III (35 mg/kg bwt (body weigt) of metformin), Group IV (200 mg/kg bwt HE), Group V (400 mg/kg bwt HE), Group VI (200 mg/kg bwt EA) and Group VII (400 mg/kg bwt EA). Results obtained showed that the untreated diabetic rats had hyperglycaemia and altered blood components, when compared with the non-diabetic rats. However, administration of the HE and EA extracts attenuated hyperglycaemia and blood parameters such as RBC count, HGB, HCT, PLT and LYM concentrations compared to the diabetic control, while, WBC concentrations decreased accordingly. These findings suggest that E. chlorantha improves hyperglycaemia and modulates haematological indices in favour of recovery during diabetic conditions.
Morphometric Characterization, Heterosis Expression, and Growth Performance of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia and Red Tilapia Hybrids for Sustainable Aquaculture Development
Aquaculture is the practice of developing aquatic animals and plants under artificial environmental conditions, either in a controlled or semi-controlled environment. Tilapia stands out as one of the most extensively farmed and consumed fish species globally, valued for its ease of preparation and relative affordability. This study investigated the morphometric characteristics, growth performance, feed utilization, and heterosis expression of hybrids derived from crosses between Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) and Red Tilapia. Controlled breeding trials were conducted to produce F₁ hybrids alongside purebred GIFT and Red Tilapia groups. A 12-week growth experiment was carried out under standardized aquaculture conditions, during which growth indices, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival were assessed. Morphometric and meristic traits were measured and analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) to evaluate hybrid distinctiveness. Results showed that hybrids significantly outperformed parental strains in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate, while recording a lower FCR, thereby confirming the expression of heterosis in growth and feed efficiency traits. Survival rates were high and comparable across groups, indicating that enhanced performance did not compromise viability. Morphometric assessment revealed intermediate phenotypes in hybrids, with DFA achieving over 90% classification accuracy, while meristic traits remained stable across groups. PCA highlighted body size descriptors as key contributors to hybrid distinctiveness. The findings demonstrate the potential of GIFT × Red Tilapia hybrids as valuable genetic resources for sustainable aquaculture improvement, combining superior biological performance with market appeal.
Biosynthesis and Comprehensive Structural Characterization of TiO₂-Loaded Bentonite Nanocomposites using Orange Peel Extract
Increasing contamination of water resources by industrial effluents has necessitated the development of low-cost, eco-friendly, and efficient materials for wastewater treatment. Among such materials, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is recognized for its excellent photocatalytic activity, while bentonite clay provides high surface area and strong adsorption capacity. This study reports a green biosynthesis route for TiO₂-loaded bentonite nanocomposites (BTNCs) using orange peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent to integrate the photocatalytic and adsorptive properties of TiO₂ and bentonite respectively. Characterization of the synthesized nanocomposites was carried out using a suite of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Characterization via XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles (~17.5 nm) uniformly dispersed within the bentonite matrix, with evidence of Ti–O–Si bond formation indicating strong interaction between TiO₂ and bentonite. The eco-friendly synthesis method discourages the use of toxic reagents and offers multifunctional nanomaterials with promising applications in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.
Sustainable Protein Alternatives: Exploring The Viability of Edible Insects in Crisis Settings
Edible insects are garnering attention as sustainable protein alternatives to address the nutritional challenges in crises. These scenarios, characterized by severe food insecurity and malnutrition, are frequently exacerbated by conflicts, natural disasters, and the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting vulnerable populations. This analysis examines the potential of edible insects, which are rich in protein, essential amino acids, and micronutrients, to address these issues. More than 2,000 insect species are considered edible, with the most frequently consumed being beetles, caterpillars, bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. In East Africa, insect farming is expanding, with a focus on crickets, black soldier flies, and other species. However, the industry faces challenges related to feed expenses, pathogen and pest risks, and insufficient research. Enhancing the acceptability and nutritional quality of these foods can be achieved through value addition via processing techniques and incorporation into various food products. High-quality insect protein isolates for food applications can be obtained through protein extraction methods such as alkaline extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis. Promising avenues for increasing edible insect consumption include developing insect-based meat alternatives and fortifying baked goods with insect flour. Nevertheless, consumer acceptance remains a significant obstacle, necessitating additional research on the sensory properties and safety of insect-based foods. Overcoming these challenges requires increased funding, capacity building, and stakeholder coordination to expand the production and utilization of edible insects as a sustainable solution to nutrition challenges in crisis settings.
Evaluation of Physical Egg Quality of Ducks
Duck eggs are a crucial source of affordable protein and income in many developing countries, but their marketability is often limited by variable quality and consumer concerns about defects. Egg quality traits are known to be influenced by bird age, yet limited information exists for ducks under Nigerian production conditions. This study evaluated the effects of duck age on external and internal egg quality traits. A total of 400 fresh eggs were collected from young (<6 months), prime-age (6–12 months), and older (>12 months) ducks in Danbatta Local Market, Kano State. Eggs were assessed for weight, shell thickness, shape index, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk index, and incidence of defects. Prime-age ducks produced significantly heavier eggs (69.2 ± 2.9 g) with thicker shells (0.42 ± 0.03 mm) and superior internal quality (Haugh unit: 82.5 ± 4.1; yolk index: 0.47 ± 0.03) compared with young or older ducks (p<0.05). Shape index did not differ among age groups. Defect occurrence varied with age: blood spots were most frequent in older ducks (18.3%), shell cracks in young ducks (9.6%), while dirty shells showed no significant age effect (14.1–15.2%). Shell thickness correlated positively with Haugh units (r = 0.68, p<0.01), while egg weight was moderately correlated with yolk index (r = 0.45, p<0.01). The results highlight the physiological advantage of prime-age ducks and the distinct quality risks associated with younger and older flocks. Age-based flock management strategies could enhance egg quality, reduce postharvest losses, and improve consumer acceptance in duck egg production systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Science Research and Reviews https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Proximate Composition of Varying Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae as an Alternative Protein Source
The high cost of conventional protein sources, such as soybean and fish meal, has driven the search for alternative protein sources in fish feed. This study evaluates the proximate composition of least-cost feed incorporating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as an alternative protein source. A total of 4 kg of BSF pupae were obtained from a farm in Benin and reared in controlled conditions for 30 days. Eggs were collected from attractant traps using pineapple, vegetable, and poultry waste, then incubated until they developed into larvae. Proximate analysis revealed that BSF larvae contain 45% crude protein, making them a high-quality protein source, while adult BSF contain 24% crude protein. Moisture content was higher in adults (15%) compared to larvae (7%). Ash content was similar, with adults at 10.5% and larvae at 9.8%. Ether extract (fat content) was higher in adult BSF (21.7%) than in larvae (16.4%), indicating differences in nutritional value at different life stages. These findings suggest BSF larvae as a viable, cost-effective alternative protein source for fish feed.
Mathematical Model for the Dynamics of Anthrax in Human and Animal Populations Incorporating Control Measures
Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. In this study, we develop and analyze a deterministic compartmental model, formulated using ordinary differential equations, to explore the transmission dynamics of anthrax between humans and animals. Fundamental properties of the model, such as positivity, boundedness, and the existence of equilibrium points are established, confirming that the model is mathematically and biologically well-posed. The basic reproduction number, R0 ​, is derived using the next-generation matrix approach. Stability analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable when R0<1. Additionally, the model possesses a unique endemic equilibrium when R0>1, which is also globally stable when R0<1 . Numerical simulations are conducted to validate and illustrate the theoretical results.
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Patients Attending Ahmadu Bello University, Medical Centre, Zaria
Salmonella infection remains a major global public health concern. The effective treatment of salmonellosis and other enteric infections has been severely compromised by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains, largely due to decades of indiscriminate and inappropriate antibiotic use. This study was designed to isolate Salmonella species from stool samples of patients attending the Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre, Zaria, and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 100 stool samples were collected and screened for Salmonella. Initial enrichment was carried out using Selenite F broth, followed by inoculation onto Salmonella-Shigella agar, and subsequent subculture onto nutrient agar slants for storage and pure culture preparation. The isolates were subjected to a series of biochemical tests, including motility, catalase, citrate utilization, sugar fermentation, and methyl red–Voges-Proskauer (MR-VP) tests. Out of the 100 samples analyzed, 17 (17.0%) tested positive for Salmonella. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed the highest sensitivity to ceftazidime (64.7%) and ceftriaxone (47.1%), while resistance was most pronounced against ciprofloxacin (76.5%), amoxicillin (70.6%), chloramphenicol (52.9%), and gentamicin (47.1%). Although no statistically significant associations were observed between infection rate and socio-demographic or risk factors, a higher prevalence was noted among male patients, children aged 4–12 years, individuals consuming unwashed raw vegetables, households with pets, persons exposed to livestock and their waste, those who washed hands infrequently, individuals not using hand sanitizers, and those relying on well water as their primary drinking source. Strengthening public awareness on safe food handling practices, improved hygiene, and environmental sanitation is essential in reducing the burden of Salmonella infection. In addition, routine antibiotic susceptibility surveillance should be prioritized to monitor resistance trends and guide effective treatment strategies.
Investigating Malaria Spread and Optimal Control Measures with Prompt and Delayed Treatments
Malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium parasites, poses a significant health burden, especially in tropical regions. This study employs a mathematical framework to explore malaria dynamics, emphasizing system stability and effective interventions that incorporate immediate (IEh) and delayed (ILh)treatment strategies. Using center manifold analysis, we investigate stability at the critical threshold R0=1, identifying a forward bifurcation (a<0, b>0), indicating that maintaining R0 below 1 halts disease persistence. By applying Pontryagin’s principle and numerical optimization techniques, we formulate control strategies integrating rapid treatment, mosquito population management, and reduction of untreated infections, achieving a controlled reproduction number of Rc0=0.1964, compared to an uncontrolled R0=2.2356. These findings underscore the efficacy of combined interventions and provide actionable insights for malaria control in resource-limited settings.
Assessing the Diversity and Abundance of Plankton Communities in River-Fed Earthen Fish Ponds in Relation to Productivity in Niger Delta (Ekpan Community), Nigeria
Fish health and productivity in the Niger Delta’s tropical aquaculture rely on good water quality, with river-fed ponds playing a key role in local fish production due to their nutrient-rich waters. This study evaluated seasonal variations in plankton communities in six river-fed earthen fish ponds in Ekpan Fishing Community, Niger Delta, Nigeria, from June to November. Phytoplankton diversity indicated primary productivity and nutrient status, with Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Zygnemataceae as dominant families. Anabaena (450) and Oscillatoria (419) were the most abundant in June. Diatom Craticula (409) and green alga Coelastrum (319) also showed notable densities. High Cyanophyceae abundance suggests possible eutrophication, while Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae levels reflect relatively balanced water conditions. Zooplankton also followed seasonal trends, with Rotifera and Copepoda dominating. Keratella spp. and Synchaeta spp. peaked at 244 and 214 individuals in October and November, respectively. Copepods such as Cyclops spp. (208 in September), Eucyclops spp. (230 in October), and Mesocyclops spp. (187 in November) were prominent, indicating stable conditions favourable for zooplankton and fish. Overall, the ponds exhibited nutrient-rich conditions that support plankton growth but pose a risk of eutrophication if not properly managed. The study recommends pond management strategies, including aeration, controlled feeding, and regular water exchange to maintain water quality and ecological balance. These findings offer valuable insights into the ecological dynamics of aquaculture ponds and inform sustainable fish farming practices in the Niger Delta.
Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and Fungal Diversity in Wastewater from an Industrial Glass Manufacturing Facility in Ughelli, Delta State, Nigeria
Fungi are known to inhabit diverse environments, including aquatic ecosystems. While some fungal species offer beneficial applications to humans, others are pathogenic and pose potential health risks. This study investigated the mycoflora present in wastewater discharged from an Industrial Glass Manufacturing Facility in Ughelli, Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected using sterile plastic containers during the dry season (January) and rainy season (July), and were analyzed for fungal content. In addition, physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were determined. The results were evaluated against the effluent discharge standards set by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess effluent quality and regulatory compliance. Physicochemical analysis revealed that most parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO: 4.6–8.10 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD: 5 mg/L), pH (6.5–6.9), chloride (Cl⁻: 350 mg/L), sulfates (3.5 mg/L), nitrates (5–50 mg/L), and phosphates (3.5–5 mg/L), were higher during the rainy season than the dry season. However, these values remained within the permissible limits set by NESREA and WHO. A total of five fungal species were isolated: Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium glabrum, and Cladosporium oxysporum. Although the physicochemical properties suggest the wastewater is within acceptable discharge standards, the presence of potentially pathogenic fungi, particularly species known to cause opportunistic infections, indicates possible health and ecological risks. Continuous surveillance and treatment of industrial effluents are recommended to mitigate the risk of fungal contamination in receiving water bodies and ensure the protection of human and aquatic health.
Estimation of Energy Eigenvalues using an Exponential Screened plus Yukawa Potential under the Influence of an External Magnetic Field
Diatomic molecules play a key role in molecular physics and quantum chemistry because of their simple structure and their usefulness in studying how molecules behave under external factors. Examining the impact of influences like magnetic fields and Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux on their quantum properties is essential for advancements in areas such as quantum control, molecular spectroscopy, and condensed matter research. In this study, numerical calculations were conducted to validate the computed results, revealing that both the external magnetic field B(T) and flux significantly affect the energy levels of the selected diatomic molecules. At zero temperature, the energy eigenvalues indicate a slight decrease in magnetization and magnetic susceptibility under varying magnetic field B(T) and flux , with hydrogen exhibiting an overlap at specific field strengths B(T). Magnetization generally increases with both magnetic field B(T) and flux as temperature changes, while for Co, it decreases with rising temperature but increases when plotted against temperature as magnetic field B(T) and flux vary. A similar pattern is observed in and . Additionally, partition function results show that temperature, magnetic field B(T) and flux strongly influence the bound state energy eigenvalues, leading to a slight increase in the thermal properties of these diatomic molecules.
Comparative Analysis Between 2D-Electrical Imaging and Seismic Refraction Tomography at National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria
Understanding subsurface structure is crucial in geotechnical, environmental and engineering investigations. Two widely used geophysical methods are: 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT). They offer complementary insights into subsurface conditions. ERT is sensitive to electrical properties (e.g. moisture, clay content), while SRT excels in detecting mechanical contrasts (e.g. rock hardness), combing both methods enhances subsurface imaging accuracy, especially in complex geology like fault zero or weathered profiles. The two methods were carried out to investigate the depth to basement complex in National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Zaria. The major instruments used for this survey where Terraloc Mark6 digital seismography, sets of vertical geophones, SAS4000 Terrameter and Electrode Selector ES 464. The geometric arrangement positioned both the geophones and the source along a straight line. The 24 geophones and the source were set at 5 m intervals, covering a distance of 120 m. Besides the initial shot location, shots were detonated at each geophone location. For the 2D electrical survey, the electrodes were arranged along the profiles with a 5.0 m electrode spacing between the 41 electrodes, resulting in a total spread of 200 m. In each of the profiles, geo-electric tomography managed to penetrate to a maximum depth of 29.3 m with optimal current injection into the subsurface. The geo-electric tomography was unable to reach the basement rock except at locations where the basement complex is found at a depth of 29.3 m or less. In contrast, seismic refraction tomography achieved a penetration depth of over 40m. It was possible to identify the basement tomography at depths exceeding 40m along the profiles.
Bird Species Richness, Density, Diversity and Trees Composition in Government College Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Man’s interaction with the abiotic and biotic world is an integral part of his existence. We examined ecological indices such as richness, diversity and evenness of bird and tree species as bio-indicators of the health of a defunct military camp now Government College Kaduna in Kaduna, Nigeria. Our survey was carried out in the morning with the objective of evaluating bird species distribution and tree composition within the College. Birds sighted, heard and seen in flight within 25m radius from the focal points along the line of transects were counted and identified using Birds of Western Africa field guide. In addition, plotless sampling technique was used in tree survey and identification was aided using the Flora of West Tropical Africa field guide. Data were analyzed in R Statistical Package. We recorded 5,359 and 627 individual birds and trees made up of 32 and 27 species belonging to 23 and 19 families respectively. H′bird, E′bird were not statistically different from H′tree, E′tree at p>0.05. The calculated Margalef species richness index D′tree = 4.04 while D′bird = 3.61, this also was not different statically. Influence of population sizes of sampled organisms on density was significantly different p=1.23 ×10-4. Environmental degradation is not only a critical issue for the birds and plants but could have detrimental impacts on humanity as our future well-being is dependent on maintaining the biodiversity around us.
Learning Analytics and Predictive Modeling: Enhancing Student Success through Data-Driven Insights
In the evolving landscape of data-informed education, predictive modeling has become a powerful tool for identifying students at risk of academic failure or withdrawal. This study investigates the use of learning analytics techniques to predict student outcomes using the Open University Learning Analytics Dataset (OULAD), a comprehensive, publicly available dataset that includes demographic profiles, continuous assessment records, and detailed interaction logs from a virtual learning environment (VLE). By integrating and preprocessing these data sources, the authors developed a comprehensive set of behavioral and temporal features, with particular focus on total click activity, which acts as a proxy for student engagement. The prediction task was framed as a binary classification problem: distinguishing students who completed a course (pass or distinction) from those who failed or withdrew. Although the specific classification algorithm is not explicitly identified, the trained model achieved a classification accuracy of 71% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.79, indicating a reasonably high level of discriminative ability. A key strength of the study is its use of SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) values to interpret the model’s output, offering transparency into how individual features influenced prediction results. The analysis showed that engagement-related features, especially VLE click counts, had the greatest predictive power, while demographic variables such as gender and age contributed little, suggesting a reduced risk of bias from protected attributes. These findings underscore the practical value of interpretable predictive models in supporting early warning systems and learner support strategies in higher education. Additionally, the study addresses important ethical considerations by emphasizing fairness, privacy, and the need for explainable AI. While some methodological limitations remain, such as the lack of algorithm disclosure and validation details, the research provides valuable insights into designing transparent, ethical, and actionable learning analytics tools.
Towards Intelligent Cybersecurity in SCADA and DCS Environments: Anomaly Detection Using Multimodal Deep Learning and Explainable AI
Industrial Control Systems (ICS), including Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS), are increasingly becoming targets of sophisticated cyber threats. This heightened vulnerability is primarily driven by the convergence of Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT), as well as the rapid adoption of Industry 4. 4.0 technologies. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) often fall short in addressing the unique characteristics of ICS environments, which include strict real- time operational constraints, the use of legacy systems, and the presence of heterogeneous data sources.To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel multimodal deep learning framework for robust anomaly detection in ICS networks. The proposed model integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short- Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Autoencoders to effectively capture spatial, temporal, and nonlinear features from ICS traffic. The framework is trained and evaluated using the HAI Security Dataset, a realistic ICS dataset that includes various attack scenarios. The hybrid model demonstrates strong performance, achieving an accuracy of 92%, an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0. 97, and a perfect recall score in detecting cyberattacks, indicating its potential effectiveness in real- world applications.To improve the transparency and trustworthiness of the detection outcomes, the framework incorporates explainable AI (XAI) techniques, including SHAP (Shapley Additive exPlanations) and LIME (Local Interpretable Model- agnostic Explanations). These tools provide insights into model decisions and help operators understand the reasoning behind anomaly classifications. The paper discusses practical deployment challenges such as scalability, latency, and integration with existing ICS architectures. It also explores promising future research directions, including the application of federated learning for decentralized data privacy, digital twin technology for dynamic system modeling, and the development of resilient models tailored for real-time industrial cybersecurity operations.
Agronomic and Social Effects of 2022 Flooding on Cassava Production in Delta State, Nigeria
This study investigated the agronomic and social effects of flooding in 2022 on cassava production in Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was used and data collected from 250 cassava farmers in six flood-risk Local Government Areas through structured questionnaires. The research showed major agronomic impacts such as issues with planting stems as cuttings (mean = 2.6), transportation delays (mean = 2.6) and higher occurrences of cassava diseases (mean = 2.9). Research showed social well-being sustained major impacts as participants rated mobility troubles (mean=3.3) as well as psychological trauma (mean=3.0) and interrupted social activities (mean=3.0) as most detrimental. There was no significant difference (t = 1.879, p = 0.063) between agronomic and social effects indicated by a t-test, reflecting their symbiotic relationship. The study recommends joint flood mitigation strategies with agricultural support and psychosocial interventions to enhance farmers' resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joshua Umuakpero, B. O. Ovwigho, Janet E. Okpara, Patricia O. Ejiodu, Ogheneovo Akpogheneoyibo–Owigho (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0