An Overview of the Chemistry and Utilization of Detergents, both Soap and Non-Soap
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar.2024.v1i2.62Keywords:
Biodegradability, Cleansing efficiency, Detergent, Hard water, SoapAbstract
This analysis explores the fundamental contrasts between detergent soaps and non-soap detergents, concentrating on their chemical makeup, cleaning methods, environmental impact, and applicability for diverse uses. Traditional soaps are made from natural fats and oils, which results in a biodegradable cleaning agent. Non-soap detergents, on the other hand, are made synthetically and frequently have better cleaning capabilities, but their limited biodegradability may cause environmental issues. In order to determine the best option depending on particular cleaning requirements, this study examines the trade-offs between these two cleaning chemicals, taking into account variables including water hardness, skin sensitivity, and sustainability consequences. According to this overview, the dynamic development, formulation, and use of soaps and soapless detergents are primarily driven by chemistry and chemical principles. The aim of this study therefore, is to conduct extensive survey on the chemistry and utilization of detergents, both soap and non-soap.
References
Adetuyi, A. (2016). Comparative studies of soaps produced from oils and various naturally sourced alkalis and the laboratory (commercial) analogue. Journal of Chemical Applications.
Agustina, D. (2017). Optimasi formula sabun transparan dengan kombinasi sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) dan cocamidopropyl betaine sebagai surfaktan. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Technology.
Ali, A. M., Adawe, A. M., Abdullahi, S. R., & Awow, M. K. (2022). Whitening and color improving in toilet soap manufacture with the study of some physicochemical properties. International Journal of Advanced Research, 10(1), 14128.
Aznury, M., Zikri, A., Ningsih, A. S., Margaretty, E., Agriani, L., Indriani, I., & Rachmadona, N. (2022). Production of solid soap with the addition of green betal leaf (Piper Betle L.) extract and lemon extract (Cymbopogon Nardus L. Rendle) as antioxidants. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Applied Health and Engineering.
Bhujbal, O. S., Bhosale, D. V., Jangam, P. N., & Bafana, Y. S. (2023). Formulation and evaluation of herbal soap. International Journal of Future Management and Research.
Broze, G., Laitem, L., & Bastin, D. (1987). Liquid detergent compositions: Strong foaming, a base of ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and processes of use for cleaning soiled fabrics. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 16(3), 349-356.
Chen, D., Le, M. Y., & Chen, T. K. (2015). Preparation method of cold-formed soap. Chemical Engineering Progress.
Cvengroš, J., & Cvengrošová, Z. (2004). Used frying oils and fats and their utilization in the production of methyl esters of higher fatty acids. Biomass and Bioenergy.
Evy, R., & Syarifah. (2022). Formulasi sediaan sabun cuci tangan ekstrak daun sembukan (Paederia foetida). Journal of Crystal Science, 4(1).
Fang, Y., Zheng, Z., Hu, X., Hu, X. Y., & Xia, M. (2015). Hard-water-resistant soap with arylsulfobetaine as a lime soap dispersing agent. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents.
Gao, Y., Liu, Z., & Zhang, L. (2009). Dirt dispersion agent and method of producing the same. Patent.
Grover, S., Kumari, P., Kumar, A., Soni, A., Sehgal, S., & Sharma, V. (2020). Preparation and quality evaluation of different oil blends. Life International and Applied Nano-BioScience, 10(2), 2126-2137.
Hadiyanto, H., Handayani, A. S., Aqidatul Izzah, M., & Christwardana, M. (2023). Formulation and characteristics analysis of soap with the addition of Spirulina platensis. Journal of Biochemical Engineering Studies, 2023(1), 10-20.
Handayani, S. (2023). Proses scale up pembuatan sabun mandi sekali pakai dari palm cooking oil (PCO) dengan penambahan berbagai jenis parfum. Journal of Indonesian Innovations, 7(1), 15-23.
Huang, L. D., Cai, C. Q., & Li, M. (2013). Daily necessities containing all-natural source surfactant and preparation method thereof.
Kosswig, K. (2012). Surfactants: Chemistry, interfacial properties, applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
Kumar, R., Voolapalli, R. K., & Upadhyayula, S. (2018). Prediction of crude oil blends compatibility and blend optimization for increasing heavy oil processing. Fuel Processing Technology, 179, 211-218.
McCoy, M. (2015). Advances in chemical engineering.
Miller, C. A., & Raney, K. H. (1993). Solubilization-emulsification mechanisms of detergency. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 79(2), 243-255.
Mukerjee, P. (2012). Surfactants: An overview of chemistry and applications. Surface Chemistry Review, 58(1), 45-65.
Naji, F., Ateeq, A., & Al-Mayyah, M. A. (2021). Optimization of blending operation for the Iraqi oils. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1773(1), 012037.
Owoicho, I. (2021). Quality evaluation of soaps produced from neem seed oil and shea-butter oil. World Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 45-52.
Rahayu, A. (2023). Preparation of solid soap with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) extract by cold process. Asian Technology Journal, 7(2), 89-95.
Schwarzenbach, R. P. (2020). The environmental chemistry of synthetic detergents. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(22), 8129-8135.
Sitorus, M., & Haryaiti, H. (2014). Produksi sabun dengan bahan baku minyak jarak (castor oil). Journal of Sustainable Technology and Research, 6(2), 120-130.
Singh, M., & Singh, S. (2019). Determination of the quality of soaps and detergents. In Advances in Chemical Engineering (pp. 201-214).
Warra, A., Hassan, L., Gunu, S., & Jega, S. A. (2011). Cold-process synthesis and properties of soaps prepared from different triacylglycerol sources. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 18(2), 315-321.
Wolkoff, P., & Wolkoff, M. (2022). Soaps, detergents, and disinfectants. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Yadav, M., Tyagi, M., Datta, S., & Yadav, R. (2021). Making of soap using various oils. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 12(2), 27-34.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Mohammad Kabir, A. U. Uduma, Maria B. Uduma (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.